Who is Who in Phylogenetic Networks

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1 Marco Alves, Joãd Alves, Rui Camacho, Pedro Soares and Luísa Pereira. From Networks to Trees. In PACBB'12, Vol. 154:129-136 of Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, springer, 2012.   Keywords: from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny.         2 Gabriel Cardona, Mercè Llabrés and Francesc Rosselló. Two Results on Distances for Phylogenetic Networks. In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, Vol. 74:93-100, 2010.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree sibling network. Note: http://www.merilibrary.com/books/bioinformatics/advances%20in%20bioinformatics.pdf#page=103.

3 Sergey Bereg and Kathryn Bean. Constructing Phylogenetic Networks from Trees. In BIBE05, Pages 299-305, 2005. 1 comment   Keywords: evaluation, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, reconstruction, split, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/BIBE.2005.19.         Toggle abstract We present a new method of constructing a phylogenetic network from a given phylogenetic tree. It is based on a procedure that locally improves the tree. The procedure is quite general and can be applied to phylogenetic networks. By repeating local improvements user can introduce a given number of recombination cycles. A sequence of networks with decreasing distance deviation can be generated. The algorithm is efficient and shows a good performance on an example with plants. This is due to the fact that the update in every step is local and optimal. © 2005 IEEE.

4 Vincent Moulton, James Oldman and Taoyang Wu. A cubic-time algorithm for computing the trinet distance between level-1 networks. In IPL, Vol. 123:36-41, 2017.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program TriLoNet. Note: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2017.03.002.         5 James Oldman, Taoyang Wu, Leo van Iersel and Vincent Moulton. TriLoNet: Piecing together small networks to reconstruct reticulate evolutionary histories. In MBE, Vol. 33(8):2151-2162, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from trinets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LEV1ATHAN, Program TriLoNet, reconstruction.         6 Dingqiao Wen, Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. Bayesian Inference of Reticulate Phylogenies under the Multispecies Network Coalescent. In PLoS Genetics, Vol. 12(5):e1006006, 2016.   Keywords: bayesian, coalescent, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, software.         7 Sha Zhu and James H. Degnan. Displayed Trees Do Not Determine Distinguishability Under the Network Multispecies Coalescent. In SB, 2016.   Keywords: branch length, coalescent, explicit network, from network, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-coal, Program Hybrid-Lambda, Program PhyloNet, software, uniqueness. Note: to appear, presentation available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLYGTfEZG7g.         8 Mareike Fischer, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. On Computing The Maximum Parsimony Score Of A Phylogenetic Network. In SIDMA, Vol. 29(1):559-585, 2015.   Keywords: APX hard, cluster containment, explicit network, FPT, from network, from sequences, integer linear programming, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program MPNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.2430.         9 Benjamin Albrecht. Computing a Relevant Set of Nonbinary Maximum Acyclic Agreement Forests. 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, exponential algorithm, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05703.         10 Sven Herrmann and Vincent Moulton. Computing the blocks of a quasi-median graph. In DAM, Vol. 179:129-138, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program QuasiDec, quasi-median network, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6135.         11 Leo van Iersel and Simone Linz. A quadratic kernel for computing the hybridization number of multiple trees. In IPL, Vol. 113:318-323, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Clustistic, Program MaafB, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4067, poster.         Toggle abstract "It has recently been shown that the NP-hard problem of calculating the minimum number of hybridization events that is needed to explain a set of rooted binary phylogenetic trees by means of a hybridization network is fixed-parameter tractable if an instance of the problem consists of precisely two such trees. In this paper, we show that this problem remains fixed-parameter tractable for an arbitrarily large set of rooted binary phylogenetic trees. In particular, we present a quadratic kernel. © 2013 Elsevier B.V." 12 Stefan Grünewald, Andreas Spillner, Sarah Bastkowski, Anja Bögershausen and Vincent Moulton. SuperQ: Computing Supernetworks from Quartets. In TCBB, Vol. 10(1):151-160, 2013.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from quartets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, Program SuperQ, software, split network.         Toggle abstract "Supertrees are a commonly used tool in phylogenetics to summarize collections of partial phylogenetic trees. As a generalization of supertrees, phylogenetic supernetworks allow, in addition, the visual representation of conflict between the trees that is not possible to observe with a single tree. Here, we introduce SuperQ, a new method for constructing such supernetworks (SuperQ is freely available at >www.uea.ac.uk/computing/superq.). It works by first breaking the input trees into quartet trees, and then stitching these together to form a special kind of phylogenetic network, called a split network. This stitching process is performed using an adaptation of the QNet method for split network reconstruction employing a novel approach to use the branch lengths from the input trees to estimate the branch lengths in the resulting network. Compared with previous supernetwork methods, SuperQ has the advantage of producing a planar network. We compare the performance of SuperQ to the Z-closure and Q-imputation supernetwork methods, and also present an analysis of some published data sets as an illustration of its applicability. © 2004-2012 IEEE." 13 Hoa Vu, Francis Chin, Wing-Kai Hon, Henry Leung, Kunihiko Sadakane, Wing-Kin Sung and Siu-Ming Yiu. Reconstructing k-Reticulated Phylogenetic Network from a Set of Gene Trees. In ISBRA13, Vol. 7875:112-124 of LNCS, springer, 2013.   Keywords: from rooted trees, k-reticulated, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program ARTNET, Program CMPT, reconstruction. Note: http://grid.cs.gsu.edu/~xguo9/publications/2013_Cloud%20computing%20for%20de%20novo%20metagenomic%20sequence%20assembly.pdf#page=123.         Toggle abstract "The time complexity of existing algorithms for reconstructing a level-x phylogenetic network increases exponentially in x. In this paper, we propose a new classification of phylogenetic networks called k-reticulated network. A k-reticulated network can model all level-k networks and some level-x networks with x > k. We design algorithms for reconstructing k-reticulated network (k = 1 or 2) with minimum number of hybrid nodes from a set of m binary trees, each with n leaves in O(mn 2) time. The implication is that some level-x networks with x > k can now be reconstructed in a faster way. We implemented our algorithm (ARTNET) and compared it with CMPT. We show that ARTNET outperforms CMPT in terms of running time and accuracy. We also consider the case when there does not exist a 2-reticulated network for the input trees. We present an algorithm computing a maximum subset of the species set so that a new set of subtrees can be combined into a 2-reticulated network. © 2013 Springer-Verlag." 14 Alexey A. Morozov, Yuri P. Galachyants and Yelena V. Likhoshway. Inferring Phylogenetic Networks from Gene Order Data. In BMRI, Vol. 2013(503193):1-7, 2013.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, from gene order, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split decomposition, split network.         Toggle abstract "Existing algorithms allow us to infer phylogenetic networks from sequences (DNA, protein or binary), sets of trees, and distance matrices, but there are no methods to build them using the gene order data as an input. Here we describe several methods to build split networks from the gene order data, perform simulation studies, and use our methods for analyzing and interpreting different real gene order datasets. All proposed methods are based on intermediate data, which can be generated from genome structures under study and used as an input for network construction algorithms. Three intermediates are used: set of jackknife trees, distance matrix, and binary encoding. According to simulations and case studies, the best intermediates are jackknife trees and distance matrix (when used with Neighbor-Net algorithm). Binary encoding can also be useful, but only when the methods mentioned above cannot be used. © 2013 Alexey Anatolievich Morozov et al." 15 Celine Scornavacca, Simone Linz and Benjamin Albrecht. A first step towards computing all hybridization networks for two rooted binary phylogenetic trees. In JCB, Vol. 19:1227-1242, 2012.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.3268.         Toggle abstract "Recently, considerable effort has been put into developing fast algorithms to reconstruct a rooted phylogenetic network that explains two rooted phylogenetic trees and has a minimum number of hybridization vertices. With the standard app1235roach to tackle this problem being combinatorial, the reconstructed network is rarely unique. From a biological point of view, it is therefore of importance to not only compute one network, but all possible networks. In this article, we make a first step toward approaching this goal by presenting the first algorithm-called allMAAFs-that calculates all maximum-acyclic-agreement forests for two rooted binary phylogenetic trees on the same set of taxa. © Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2012." 16 Changiz Eslahchi, Reza Hassanzadeh, Ehsan Mottaghi, Mahnaz Habibi, Hamid Pezeshk and Mehdi Sadeghi. Constructing circular phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets using simulated annealing. In MBIO, Vol. 235(2):123-127, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SAQ-Net, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, simulated annealing, software, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2011.11.003.         Toggle abstract "In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm based on the simulated annealing, SAQ-Net, as a method for constructing phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets. Similar to QNet algorithm, SAQ-Net constructs a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa set. This collection is represented by a split network. In order to show that SAQ-Net performs better than QNet, we apply these algorithm to both the simulated and actual data sets containing salmonella, Bees, Primates and Rubber data sets. Then we draw phylogenetic networks corresponding to outputs of these algorithms using SplitsTree4 and compare the results. We find that SAQ-Net produces a better circular ordering and phylogenetic networks than QNet in most cases. SAQ-Net has been implemented in Matlab and is available for download at http://bioinf.cs.ipm.ac.ir/softwares/saq.net. © 2011 Elsevier Inc." 17 Dan Levy and Lior Pachter. The Neighbor-Net Algorithm. In Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 47(2):240-258, 2011.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, evaluation, from distances, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, split network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0702515.         Toggle abstract "The neighbor-joining algorithm is a popular phylogenetics method for constructing trees from dissimilarity maps. The neighbor-net algorithm is an extension of the neighbor-joining algorithm and is used for constructing split networks. We begin by describing the output of neighbor-net in terms of the tessellation of M̄0n(R) by associahedra. This highlights the fact that neighbor-net outputs a tree in addition to a circular ordering and we explain when the neighbor-net tree is the neighbor-joining tree. A key observation is that the tree constructed in existing implementations of neighbor-net is not a neighbor-joining tree. Next, we show that neighbor-net is a greedy algorithm for finding circular split systems of minimal balanced length. This leads to an interpretation of neighbor-net as a greedy algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. The algorithm is optimal for Kalmanson matrices, from which it follows that neighbor-net is consistent and has optimal radius 12. We also provide a statistical interpretation for the balanced length for a circular split system as the length based on weighted least squares estimates of the splits. We conclude with applications of these results and demonstrate the implications of our theorems for a recently published comparison of Papuan and Austronesian languages. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved." 18 Changiz Eslahchi, Mahnaz Habibi, Reza Hassanzadeh and Ehsan Mottaghi. MC-Net: a method for the construction of phylogenetic networks based on the Monte-Carlo method. In BMCEB, Vol. 10:254, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from distances, heuristic, phylogenetic network, Program MC-Net, Program SplitsTree, software, split, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-254.         Toggle abstract "Background. A phylogenetic network is a generalization of phylogenetic trees that allows the representation of conflicting signals or alternative evolutionary histories in a single diagram. There are several methods for constructing these networks. Some of these methods are based on distances among taxa. In practice, the methods which are based on distance perform faster in comparison with other methods. The Neighbor-Net (N-Net) is a distance-based method. The N-Net produces a circular ordering from a distance matrix, then constructs a collection of weighted splits using circular ordering. The SplitsTree which is a program using these weighted splits makes a phylogenetic network. In general, finding an optimal circular ordering is an NP-hard problem. The N-Net is a heuristic algorithm to find the optimal circular ordering which is based on neighbor-joining algorithm. Results. In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm to find an optimal circular ordering based on the Monte-Carlo method, called MC-Net algorithm. In order to show that MC-Net performs better than N-Net, we apply both algorithms on different data sets. Then we draw phylogenetic networks corresponding to outputs of these algorithms using SplitsTree and compare the results. Conclusions. We find that the circular ordering produced by the MC-Net is closer to optimal circular ordering than the N-Net. Furthermore, the networks corresponding to outputs of MC-Net made by SplitsTree are simpler than N-Net. © 2010 Eslahchi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 19 David A. Morrison. Using data-display networks for exploratory data analysis in phylogenetic studies. In MBE, Vol. 27(5):1044-1057, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, hybridization, NeighborNet, Program SplitsTree, recombination, split decomposition. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp309.         Toggle abstract "Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is a frequently undervalued part of data analysis in biology. It involves evaluating the characteristics of the data "before" proceeding to the definitive analysis in relation to the scientific question at hand. For phylogenetic analyses, a useful tool for EDA is a data-display network. This type of network is designed to display any character (or tree) conflict in a data set, without prior assumptions about the causes of those conflicts. The conflicts might be caused by 1) methodological issues in data collection or analysis, 2) homoplasy, or 3) horizontal gene flow of some sort. Here, I explore 13 published data sets using splits networks, as examples of using data-display networks for EDA. In each case, I performed an original EDA on the data provided, to highlight the aspects of the resulting network that will be important for an interpretation of the phylogeny. In each case, there is at least one important point (possibly missed by the original authors) that might affect the phylogenetic analysis. I conclude that EDA should play a greater role in phylogenetic analyses than it has done. © 2010 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 20 Robert G. Beiko. Gene sharing and genome evolution: networks in trees and trees in networks. In Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 25(4):659-673, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, from rooted trees, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network, survey. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-010-9217-3.         Toggle abstract "Frequent lateral genetic transfer undermines the existence of a unique "tree of life" that relates all organisms. Vertical inheritance is nonetheless of vital interest in the study of microbial evolution, and knowing the "tree of cells" can yield insights into ecological continuity, the rates of change of different cellular characters, and the evolutionary plasticity of genomes. Notwithstanding within-species recombination, the relationships most frequently recovered from genomic data at shallow to moderate taxonomic depths are likely to reflect cellular inheritance. At the same time, it is clear that several types of 'average signals' from whole genomes can be highly misleading, and the existence of a central tendency must not be taken as prima facie evidence of vertical descent. Phylogenetic networks offer an attractive solution, since they can be formulated in ways that mitigate the misleading aspects of hybrid evolutionary signals in genomes. But the connections in a network typically show genetic relatedness without distinguishing between vertical and lateral inheritance of genetic material. The solution may lie in a compromise between strict tree-thinking and network paradigms: build a phylogenetic network, but identify the set of connections in the network that are potentially due to vertical descent. Even if a single tree cannot be unambiguously identified, choosing a subnetwork of putative vertical connections can still lead to drastic reductions in the set of candidate vertical hypotheses. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V." 21 Chris Whidden, Robert G. Beiko and Norbert Zeh. Fast FPT Algorithms for Computing Rooted Agreement Forests: Theory and Experiments. In Proceedings of the ninth International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA'10), Vol. 6049:141-153 of LNCS, springer, 2010.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, SPR distance. Note: https://www.cs.dal.ca/sites/default/files/technical_reports/CS-2010-03.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We improve on earlier FPT algorithms for computing a rooted maximum agreement forest (MAF) or a maximum acyclic agreement forest (MAAF) of a pair of phylogenetic trees. Their sizes give the subtree-prune-and-regraft (SPR) distance and the hybridization number of the trees, respectively. We introduce new branching rules that reduce the running time of the algorithms from O(3 kn) and O(3 kn log n) to O(2.42 kn) and O(2.42 kn log n), respectively. In practice, the speed up may be much more than predicted by the worst-case analysis.We confirm this intuition experimentally by computing MAFs for simulated trees and trees inferred from protein sequence data. We show that our algorithm is orders of magnitude faster and can handle much larger trees and SPR distances than the best previous methods, treeSAT and sprdist. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010." 22 Daniel H. Huson. Drawing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 6(1):103-109, 2009.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, Program SplitsTree, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCBB.2008.58.         Toggle abstract "The evolutionary history of a collection of species is usually represented by a phylogenetic tree. Sometimes, phylogenetic networks are used as a means of representing reticulate evolution or of showing uncertainty and incompatibilities in evolutionary datasets. This is often done using unrooted phylogenetic networks such as split networks, due in part, to the availability of software (SplitsTree) for their computation and visualization. In this paper we discuss the problem of drawing rooted phylogenetic networks as cladograms or phylograms in a number of different views that are commonly used for rooted trees. Implementations of the algorithms are available in new releases of the Dendroscope and SplitsTree programs. © 2006 IEEE." 23 Philippe Gambette, Vincent Berry and Christophe Paul. The structure of level-k phylogenetic networks. In CPM09, Vol. 5577:289-300 of LNCS, springer, 2009.   Keywords: coalescent, explicit network, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, Program Recodon. Note: http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00371485/en/.         Toggle abstract "Evolution is usually described as a phylogenetic tree, but due to some exchange of genetic material, it can be represented as a phylogenetic network which has an underlying tree structure. The notion of level was recently introduced as a parameter on realistic kinds of phylogenetic networks to express their complexity and tree-likeness. We study the structure of level-k networks, and how they can be decomposed into level-k generators. We also provide a polynomial time algorithm which takes as input the set of level-k generators and builds the set of level-(k + 1) generators. Finally, with a simulation study, we evaluate the proportion of level-k phylogenetic networks among networks generated according to the coalescent model with recombination. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg." 24 Daniel H. Huson, Regula Rupp, Vincent Berry, Philippe Gambette and Christophe Paul. Computing Galled Networks from Real Data. In ISMBECCB09, Vol. 25(12):i85-i93 of BIO, 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, cluster containment, explicit network, FPT, from clusters, from rooted trees, galled network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Dendroscope, reconstruction. Note: http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00368545/en/.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: Developing methods for computing phylogenetic networks from biological data is an important problem posed by molecular evolution and much work is currently being undertaken in this area. Although promising approaches exist, there are no tools available that biologists could easily and routinely use to compute rooted phylogenetic networks on real datasets containing tens or hundreds of taxa. Biologists are interested in clades, i.e. groups of monophyletic taxa, and these are usually represented by clusters in a rooted phylogenetic tree. The problem of computing an optimal rooted phylogenetic network from a set of clusters, is hard, in general. Indeed, even the problem of just determining whether a given network contains a given cluster is hard. Hence, some researchers have focused on topologically restricted classes of networks, such as galled trees and level-k networks, that are more tractable, but have the practical draw-back that a given set of clusters will usually not possess such a representation. Results: In this article, we argue that galled networks (a generalization of galled trees) provide a good trade-off between level of generality and tractability. Any set of clusters can be represented by some galled network and the question whether a cluster is contained in such a network is easy to solve. Although the computation of an optimal galled network involves successively solving instances of two different NP-complete problems, in practice our algorithm solves this problem exactly on large datasets containing hundreds of taxa and many reticulations in seconds, as illustrated by a dataset containing 279 prokaryotes. © 2009 The Author(s)." 25 Philippe Gambette and Daniel H. Huson. Improved Layout of Phylogenetic Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 5(3):472-479, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, software, split network, visualization. Note: http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00309694/en/.         Toggle abstract "Split networks are increasingly being used in phylogenetic analysis. Usually, a simple equal-angle algorithm is used to draw such networks, producing layouts that leave much room for improvement. Addressing the problem of producing better layouts of split networks, this paper presents an algorithm for maximizing the area covered by the network, describes an extension of the equal-daylight algorithm to networks, looks into using a spring embedder, and discusses how to construct rooted split networks. © 2008 IEEE." 26 Tobias Kloepper and Daniel H. Huson. Drawing explicit phylogenetic networks and their integration into SplitsTree. In BMCEB, Vol. 8(22), 2008.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, software, split network, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-22.         Toggle abstract "Background. SplitsTree provides a framework for the calculation of phylogenetic trees and networks. It contains a wide variety of methods for the import/export, calculation and visualization of phylogenetic information. The software is developed in Java and implements a command line tool as well as a graphical user interface. Results. In this article, we present solutions to two important problems in the field of phylogenetic networks. The first problem is the visualization of explicit phylogenetic networks. To solve this, we present a modified version of the equal angle algorithm that naturally integrates reticulations into the layout process and thus leads to an appealing visualization of these networks. The second problem is the availability of explicit phylogenetic network methods for the general user. To advance the usage of explicit phylogenetic networks by biologists further, we present an extension to the SplitsTree framework that integrates these networks. By addressing these two problems, SplitsTree is among the first programs that incorporates implicit and explicit network methods together with standard phylogenetic tree methods in a graphical user interface environment. Conclusion. In this article, we presented an extension of SplitsTree 4 that incorporates explicit phylogenetic networks. The extension provides a set of core classes to handle explicit phylogenetic networks and a visualization of these networks. © 2008 Kloepper and Huson; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 27 Steven M. Woolley, David Posada and Keith A. Crandall. A Comparison of Phylogenetic Network Methods Using Computer Simulation. In PLoS-ONE, Vol. 3(4):e1913, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, distance between networks, evaluation, median network, MedianJoining, minimum spanning network, NeighborNet, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Arlequin, Program CombineTrees, Program Network, Program SHRUB, Program SplitsTree, Program TCS, split decomposition. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001913.         Toggle abstract "Background: We present a series of simulation studies that explore the relative performance of several phylogenetic network approaches (statistical parsimony, split decomposition, union of maximum parsimony trees, neighbor-net, simulated history recombination upper bound, median-joining, reduced median joining and minimum spanning network) compared to standard tree approaches (neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony) in the presence and absence of recombination. Principal Findings: In the absence of recombination, all methods recovered the correct topology and branch lengths nearly all of the time when the subtitution rate was low, except for minimum spanning networks, which did considerably worse. At a higher substitution rate, maximum parsimony and union of maximum parsimony trees were the most accurate. With recombination, the ability to infer the correct topology was halved for all methods and no method could accurately estimate branch lengths. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for more accurate phylogenetic network methods and the importance of detecting and accounting for recombination in phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, we provide useful information for choosing a network algorithm and a framework in which to evaluate improvements to existing methods and novel algorithms developed in the future. © 2008 Woolley et al." 28 Stefan Grünewald, Andreas Spillner, Kristoffer Forslund and Vincent Moulton. Constructing Phylogenetic Supernetworks from Quartets. In WABI08, Vol. 5251:284-295 of LNCS, springer, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87361-7_24.         Toggle abstract "In phylogenetics it is common practice to summarize collections of partial phylogenetic trees in the form of supertrees. Recently it has been proposed to construct phylogenetic supernetworks as an alternative to supertrees as these allow the representation of conflicting information in the trees, information that may not be representable in a single tree. Here we introduce SuperQ, a new method for constructing such supernetworks. It works by breaking the input trees into quartet trees, and stitching together the resulting set to form a network. The stitching process is performed using an adaptation of the QNet method for phylogenetic network reconstruction. In addition to presenting the new method, we illustrate the applicability of SuperQ to three data sets and discuss future directions for testing and development. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 29 Miguel Arenas, Gabriel Valiente and David Posada. Characterization of reticulate networks based on the coalescent with recombination. In MBE, Vol. 25(12):2517-2520, 2008.   Keywords: coalescent, evaluation, explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Recodon, regular network, simulation, tree child network, tree sibling network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn219.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks aim to represent the evolutionary history of taxa. Within these, reticulate networks are explicitly able to accommodate evolutionary events like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. Although several metrics exist to compare phylogenetic networks, they make several assumptions regarding the nature of the networks that are not likely to be fulfilled by the evolutionary process. In order to characterize the potential disagreement between the algorithms and the biology, we have used the coalescent with recombination to build the type of networks produced by reticulate evolution and classified them as regular, tree sibling, tree child, or galled trees. We show that, as expected, the complexity of these reticulate networks is a function of the population recombination rate. At small recombination rates, most of the networks produced are already more complex than regular or tree sibling networks, whereas with moderate and large recombination rates, no network fit into any of the standard classes. We conclude that new metrics still need to be devised in order to properly compare two phylogenetic networks that have arisen from reticulating evolutionary process. © 2008 The Authors." 30 Gabriel Cardona, Francesc Rosselló and Gabriel Valiente. Extended Newick: It is Time for a Standard Representation. In BMCB, Vol. 9:532, 2008.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, phylogenetic network, Program Bio PhyloNetwork, Program Dendroscope, Program NetGen, Program PhyloNet, Program SplitsTree, Program TCS, visualization. Note: http://bioinfo.uib.es/media/uploaded/bmc-2008-enewick-sub.pdf.         31 Miguel Arenas and David Posada. Recodon: Coalescent simulation of coding DNA sequences with recombination, migration and demography. In BMCB, Vol. 8(458), 2008.   Keywords: coalescent, generation, Program Recodon, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-458.         Toggle abstract "Background: Coalescent simulations have proven very useful in many population genetics studies. In order to arrive to meaningful conclusions, it is important that these simulations resemble the process of molecular evolution as much as possible. To date, no single coalescent program is able to simulate codon sequences sampled from populations with recombination, migration and growth. Results: We introduce a new coalescent program, called Recodon, which is able to simulate samples of coding DNA sequences under complex scenarios in which several evolutionary forces can interact simultaneously (namely, recombination, migration and demography). The basic codon model implemented is an extension to the general time-reversible model of nucleotide substitution with a proportion of invariable sites and among-site rate variation. In addition, the program implements non-reversible processes and mixtures of different codon models. Conclusion: Recodon is a flexible tool for the simulation of coding DNA sequences under realistic evolutionary models. These simulations can be used to build parameter distributions for testing evolutionary hypotheses using experimental data. Recodon is written in C, can run in parallel, and is freely available from http://darwin.uvigo.es/. © 2007 Arenas and Posada; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 32 Daniel H. Huson. Split networks and Reticulate Networks. In Olivier Gascuel and Mike Steel editors, Reconstructing Evolution, New Mathematical and Computational Advances, Pages 247-276, Oxford University Press, 2007.   Keywords: abstract network, consensus, from rooted trees, from sequences, from splits, from unrooted trees, galled tree, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Beagle, Program Spectronet, Program SplitsTree, Program SPNet, recombination, reconstruction, split network, survey. Note: similar to http://www-ab.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/research/phylonets/GCB2006.pdf.         33 Bastienne Vriesendorp. Phylogenenetworks, exploring reticulate evolution and its consequences for phylogenetic reconstruction. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2007.   Keywords: consensus, distance between networks, evaluation, hybridization, median network, NeighborNet, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, split decomposition, survey. Note: http://library.wur.nl/wda/dissertations/dis4239.pdf.         34 Daniel H. Huson and David Bryant. Application of Phylogenetic Networks in Evolutionary Studies. In MBE, Vol. 23(2):254-267, 2006.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, software, survey. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj030, software available from www.splitstree.org.         Toggle abstract "The evolutionary history of a set of taxa is usually represented by a phylogenetic tree, and this model has greatly facilitated the discussion and testing of hypotheses. However, it is well known that more complex evolutionary scenarios are poorly described by such models. Further, even when evolution proceeds in a tree-like manner, analysis of the data may not be best served by using methods that enforce a tree structure but rather by a richer visualization of the data to evaluate its properties, at least as an essential first step. Thus, phylogenetic networks should be employed when reticulate events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved, and, even in the absence of such events, phylogenetic networks have a useful role to play. This article reviews the terminology used for phylogenetic networks and covers both split networks and reticulate networks, how they are defined, and how they can be interpreted. Additionally, the article outlines the beginnings of a comprehensive statistical framework for applying split network methods. We show how split networks can represent confidence sets of trees and introduce a conservative statistical test for whether the conflicting signal in a network is treelike. Finally, this article describes a new program, SplitsTree4, an interactive and comprehensive tool for inferring different types of phylogenetic networks from sequences, distances, and trees. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 35 Vladimir Makarenkov, Dmytro Kevorkov and Pierre Legendre. Phylogenetic Network Construction Approaches. In Applied Mycology and Biotechnology, Vol. 6:61-97, 2006.   Keywords: from distances, hybridization, lateral gene transfer, median network, NeighborNet, netting, Program Arlequin, Program Network, Program Pyramids, Program Reticlad, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, Program TCS, Program WeakHierarchies, pyramid, reticulogram, split, split decomposition, split network, survey, weak hierarchy. Note: http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~makarenv/makarenv/MKL_article.pdf.         36 David A. Morrison. Networks in phylogenetic analysis: new tools for population biology. In IJP, Vol. 35:567-582, 2005.   Keywords: median network, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, population genetics, Program Network, Program Spectronet, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, Program TCS, reconstruction, reticulogram, split decomposition, survey. Note: http://hem.fyristorg.com/acacia/papers/networks.pdf.         37 Katharina Huber, Michael Langton, David Penny, Vincent Moulton and Mike Hendy. Spectronet: A package for computing spectra and median networks. In ABIO, Vol. 1(3):159-161, 2004.   Keywords: from splits, median network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Spectronet, software, split, visualization. Note: http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/631776.html.         Toggle abstract Spectronet is a package that uses various methods for exploring and visualising complex evolutionary signals. Given an alignment in NEXUS format, the package works by computing a collection of weighted splits or bipartitions of the taxa and then allows the user to interactively analyse the resulting collection using tools such as Lento-plots and median networks. The package is highly interactive and available for PCs. 38 Mohd Abdul Hai Zahid, Ankush Mittal and Ramesh C. Joshi. Use of Phylogenetic network and its reconstruction Algorithms. In Bioinformatics India, Vol. 2:47-58, 2004.   Keywords: evaluation, from distances, NeighborNet, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, split decomposition. Note: http://www.isical.ac.in/~zahid_t/publications/papers/1.pdf.         39 Daniel H. Huson. What If I Don't Have a Tree? Split Decomposition and Related Models. In Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, Vol. Unit 6.7, 2003.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, Program SplitsTree, software, split decomposition, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0607s01.         40 David Bryant and Vincent Moulton. Neighbor-Net: An Agglomerative Method for the Construction of Planar Phylogenetic Networks. In WABI02, Vol. 2452:375-391 of LNCS, springer, 2002.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from distances, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45784-4_28.         41 David Posada and Keith A. Crandall. Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks. In TEE, Vol. 16(1):37-45, 2001.   Keywords: likelihood, median network, netting, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Arlequin, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, Program TCS, pyramid, reticulogram, split decomposition, statistical parsimony, survey. Note: http://darwin.uvigo.es/download/papers/09.networks01.pdf.         42 François-Joseph Lapointe. How to account for reticulation events in phylogenetic analysis: A review of distance-based methods. In Journal of Classification, Vol. 17:175-184, 2000.   Keywords: abstract network, evaluation, from distances, phylogenetic network, Program Pyramids, Program SplitsTree, Program T REX, pyramid, reconstruction, reticulogram, split network, survey, weak hierarchy. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003570000016.         43 Daniel H. Huson. SplitsTree: analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data. In BIO, Vol. 14(1):68-73, 1998.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, software, split network. Note: http://bioweb.pasteur.fr/docs/doc-gensoft/splitstree/splitstree.ps.         44 Andreas W. M. Dress, Daniel H. Huson and Vincent Moulton. Analyzing and visualizing distance data using SplitsTree. In DAM, Vol. 71(1):95-109, 1996.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, software, split network, visualization. Note: http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/splits/splits.pdf.         45 Daniel H. Huson and Rainer Wetzel. Analyzing and visualizing sequence and distance data with SplitsTree V1.0.2. 1995.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, software, split network, visualization. Note: Technical report, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/173442.html.

46 Daniel H. Huson and Simone Linz. Autumn Algorithm - Computation of Hybridization Networks for Realistic Phylogenetic Trees. In TCBB, 2017.   Keywords: from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, reconstruction. Note: https://simonelinz.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/hl16.pdf, to appear.         47 Bingxin Lu, Louxin Zhang and Hon Wai Leong. A program to compute the soft Robinson-Foulds distance between phylogenetic networks. In APBC17, Vol. 18(Suppl. 2):111 of BMC Genomics, 2017.   Keywords: cluster containment, distance between networks, explicit network, exponential algorithm, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program icelu-PhyloNetwork. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3500-5.         48 Sajad Mirzaei and Yufeng Wu. Fast Construction of Near Parsimonious Hybridization Networks for Multiple Phylogenetic Trees. In TCBB, Vol. 13(3):565-570, 2016.   Keywords: bound, explicit network, from rooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PIRN, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu/Papers/PIRNs-preprint.pdf.         49 Magnus Bordewich and Charles Semple. Reticulation-visible networks. In Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 78:114-141, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BS16.pdf.         50 François Chevenet, Jean-Philippe Doyon, Celine Scornavacca, Edwin Jacox, Emmanuelle Jousselin and Vincent Berry. SylvX: a viewer for phylogenetic tree reconciliations. In BIO, Vol. 32(4):608-610, 2016.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SylvX, software, visualization. Note: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emmanuelle_Jousselin/publication/283446016_SylvX_a_viewer_for_phylogenetic_tree_reconciliations/links/5642146108aec448fa621efa.pdf.         51 Rinku Mathur and Neeru Adlakha. A graph theoretic model for prediction of reticulation events and phylogenetic networks for DNA sequences. In Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3(3):263-271, 2016.   Keywords: from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program T REX. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.07.004.         52 Andreas Gunawan, Bingxin Lu and Louxin Zhang. A program for verification of phylogenetic network models. In ECCB16, Vol. 32(17):i503-i510 of BIO, 2016.   Keywords: exponential algorithm, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, software, tree containment. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw467.         53 Hussein A. Hejase and Kevin J. Liu. A scalability study of phylogenetic network inference methods using empirical datasets and simulations involving a single reticulation. Vol. 17(422):1-12, 2016.   Keywords: abstract network, evaluation, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, reconstruction, simulation, unicyclic network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1277-1.         54 Julia Matsieva, Steven Kelk, Celine Scornavacca, Chris Whidden and Dan Gusfield. A Resolution of the Static Formulation Question for the Problem of Computing the History Bound. In TCBB, 2016.   Keywords: ARG, explicit network, from sequences, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: to appear.         55 Juan Wang. A Survey of Methods for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks. In PLoS-ONE, Vol. 11(11):e0165834, 2016.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program BIMLR, Program Dendroscope, Program LNetwork, reconstruction, survey. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165834.         56 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. Kernelizations for the hybridization number problem on multiple nonbinary trees. In JCSS, Vol. 82(6):1075-1089, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Treeduce, reconstruction. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4045v3.         57 Quan Nguyen. Likelihood-based Phylogenetic Network Inference by Approximate Structural Expectation Maximization. Master's thesis, University of Helsinki, 2015.   Keywords: BIC, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloDAG, reconstruction, software. Note: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2015062910525.         58 Quan Nguyen and Teemu Roos. Likelihood-based inference of phylogenetic networks from sequence data by PhyloDAG. In ALCOB15, Vol. 9199:126-140 of LNCS, springer, 2015.   Keywords: BIC, explicit network, from sequences, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloDAG, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ttonteri/pub/alcob2015.pdf.         59 Jittat Fakcharoenphol, Tanee Kumpijit and Attakorn Putwattana. A Faster Algorithm for the Tree Containment Problem for Binary Nearly Stable Phylogenetic Networks. In Proceedings of the The 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE'15), Pages 337-342, IEEE, 2015.   Keywords: dynamic programming, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, nearly-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment.         60 Benjamin Albrecht. Computing all hybridization networks for multiple binary phylogenetic input trees. In BMCB, Vol. 16(236):1-15, 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, exponential algorithm, FPT, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0660-7.         61 Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. A maximum pseudo-likelihood approach for phylogenetic networks. In RECOMB-CG15, Vol. 16(Suppl 10)(S10):1-10 of BMC Genomics, BioMed Central, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, tripartition distance. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S10-S10.         62 Sha Zhu, James H. Degnan, Sharyn J. Goldstein and Bjarki Eldon. Hybrid-Lambda: simulation of multiple merger and Kingman gene genealogies in species networks and species trees. In BMCB, Vol. 16(292):1-7, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-Lambda, simulation, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0721-y.         63 Benjamin Albrecht. Fast computation of all maximum acyclic agreement forests for two rooted binary phylogenetic trees. 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05656.         64 Philippe Gambette, Katharina Huber and Guillaume Scholz. Bridging the gap between rooted and unrooted phylogenetic networks. 2015.   Keywords: circular split system, explicit network, from splits, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, split network, uniqueness. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.08387.         65 Jessica W. Leigh and David Bryant. PopART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. In MEE, Vol. 6(9):1110–1116, 2015.   Keywords: abstract network, from sequences, haplotype network, MedianJoining, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, population genetics, Program PopART, Program TCS, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410.         66 Gabriel Cardona, Joan Carles Pons and Francesc Rosselló. A reconstruction problem for a class of phylogenetic networks with lateral gene transfers. In ALMOB, Vol. 10(28):1-15, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LGTnetwork, reconstruction, software, tree-based network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13015-015-0059-z.         67 Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. Constructing minimal phylogenetic networks from softwired clusters is fixed parameter tractable. In ALG, Vol. 68(4):886-915, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from clusters, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3653.         Toggle abstract "Here we show that, given a set of clusters C on a set of taxa X, where |X|=n, it is possible to determine in time f(k)×poly(n) whether there exists a level-≤k network (i.e. a network where each biconnected component has reticulation number at most k) that represents all the clusters in C in the softwired sense, and if so to construct such a network. This extends a result from Kelk et al. (in IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform. 9:517-534, 2012) which showed that the problem is polynomial-time solvable for fixed k. By defining "k-reticulation generators" analogous to "level-k generators", we then extend this fixed parameter tractability result to the problem where k refers not to the level but to the reticulation number of the whole network. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York." 68 Hadi Poormohammadi, Changiz Eslahchi and Ruzbeh Tusserkani. TripNet: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 9(9):e106531, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TripNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.3722.         Toggle abstract "The problem of constructing an optimal rooted phylogenetic network from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm called TripNet, which tries to construct a rooted phylogenetic network with the minimum number of reticulation nodes from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets. Despite of current methods that work for dense set of rooted triplets, a key innovation is the applicability of TripNet to non-dense set of rooted triplets. We prove some theorems to clarify the performance of the algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency of TripNet, we compared TripNet with SIMPLISTIC. It is the only available software which has the ability to return some rooted phylogenetic network consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. But the results show that for complex networks with high levels, the SIMPLISTIC running time increased abruptly. However in all cases TripNet outputs an appropriate rooted phylogenetic network in an acceptable time. Also we tetsed TripNet on the Yeast data. The results show that Both TripNet and optimal networks have the same clustering and TripNet produced a level-3 network which contains only one more reticulation node than the optimal network." 69 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. Kernelizations for the hybridization number problem on multiple nonbinary trees. In WG14, Vol. 8747:299-311 of LNCS, springer, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Treeduce, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4045.         70 Jesper Jansson and Andrzej Lingas. Computing the rooted triplet distance between galled trees by counting triangles. In Journal of Discrete Algorithms, Vol. 25:66-78, 2014.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, triplet distance.         Toggle abstract "We consider a generalization of the rooted triplet distance between two phylogenetic trees to two phylogenetic networks. We show that if each of the two given phylogenetic networks is a so-called galled tree with n leaves then the rooted triplet distance can be computed in o(n2.687) time. Our upper bound is obtained by reducing the problem of computing the rooted triplet distance between two galled trees to that of counting monochromatic and almost-monochromatic triangles in an undirected, edge-colored graph. To count different types of colored triangles in a graph efficiently, we extend an existing technique based on matrix multiplication and obtain several new algorithmic results that may be of independent interest: (i) the number of triangles in a connected, undirected, uncolored graph with m edges can be computed in o(m1.408) time; (ii) if G is a connected, undirected, edge-colored graph with n vertices and C is a subset of the set of edge colors then the number of monochromatic triangles of G with colors in C can be computed in o(n2.687) time; and (iii) if G is a connected, undirected, edge-colored graph with n vertices and R is a binary relation on the colors that is computable in O(1) time then the number of R-chromatic triangles in G can be computed in o(n2.687) time. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 71 Sarah Bastkowski, Andreas Spillner and Vincent Moulton. Fishing for minimum evolution trees with Neighbor-Nets. In IPL, Vol. 114(1-2):3-18, 2014.   Keywords: circular split system, from distances, NeighborNet, phylogeny, polynomial.         Toggle abstract "In evolutionary biology, biologists commonly use a phylogenetic tree to represent the evolutionary history of some set of species. A common approach taken to construct such a tree is to search through the space of all possible phylogenetic trees on the set so as to find one that optimizes some score function, such as the minimum evolution criterion. However, this is hampered by the fact that the space of phylogenetic trees is extremely large in general. Interestingly, an alternative approach, which has received somewhat less attention in the literature, is to instead search for trees within some set of bipartitions or splits of the set of species in question. Here we consider the problem of searching through a set of splits that is circular. Such sets can, for example, be generated by the NeighborNet algorithm for constructing phylogenetic networks. More specifically, we present an O(n4) time algorithm for finding an optimal minimum evolution tree in a circular set of splits on a set of species of size n. In addition, using simulations, we compare the performance of this algorithm when applied to NeighborNet output with that of FastME, a leading method for searching for minimum evolution trees in tree space. We find that, even though a circular set of splits represents just a tiny fraction of the total number of possible splits of a set, the trees obtained from circular sets compare quite favorably with those obtained with FastME, suggesting that the approach could warrant further investigation. © 2013 Elsevier B.V." 72 Lavanya Kannan and Ward C Wheeler. Exactly Computing the Parsimony Scores on Phylogenetic Networks Using Dynamic Programming. In JCB, Vol. 21(4):303-319, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, exponential algorithm, from network, from sequences, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Scoring a given phylogenetic network is the first step that is required in searching for the best evolutionary framework for a given dataset. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, we can score phylogenetic networks based on the minimum number of state changes across a subset of edges of the network for each character that are required for a given set of characters to realize the input states at the leaves of the networks. Two such subsets of edges of networks are interesting in light of studying evolutionary histories of datasets: (i) the set of all edges of the network, and (ii) the set of all edges of a spanning tree that minimizes the score. The problems of finding the parsimony scores under these two criteria define slightly different mathematical problems that are both NP-hard. In this article, we show that both problems, with scores generalized to adding substitution costs between states on the endpoints of the edges, can be solved exactly using dynamic programming. We show that our algorithms require O(mpk) storage at each vertex (per character), where k is the number of states the character can take, p is the number of reticulate vertices in the network, m = k for the problem with edge set (i), and m = 2 for the problem with edge set (ii). This establishes an O(nmpk2) algorithm for both the problems (n is the number of leaves in the network), which are extensions of Sankoff's algorithm for finding the parsimony scores for phylogenetic trees. We will discuss improvements in the complexities and show that for phylogenetic networks whose underlying undirected graphs have disjoint cycles, the storage at each vertex can be reduced to O(mk), thus making the algorithm polynomial for this class of networks. We will present some properties of the two approaches and guidance on choosing between the criteria, as well as traverse through the network space using either of the definitions. We show that our methodology provides an effective means to study a wide variety of datasets. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014." 73 Jialiang Yang, Stefan Grünewald, Yifei Xu and Xiu-Feng Wan. Quartet-based methods to reconstruct phylogenetic networks. In BMC Systems Biology, Vol. 80(21), 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QuartetMethods, Program QuartetNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-8-21 .         Toggle abstract "Background: Phylogenetic networks are employed to visualize evolutionary relationships among a group of nucleotide sequences, genes or species when reticulate events like hybridization, recombination, reassortant and horizontal gene transfer are believed to be involved. In comparison to traditional distance-based methods, quartet-based methods consider more information in the reconstruction process and thus have the potential to be more accurate.Results: We introduce QuartetSuite, which includes a set of new quartet-based methods, namely QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM, to reconstruct phylogenetic networks from nucleotide sequences. We tested their performances and compared them with other popular methods on two simulated nucleotide sequence data sets: one generated from a tree topology and the other from a complicated evolutionary history containing three reticulate events. We further validated these methods to two real data sets: a bacterial data set consisting of seven concatenated genes of 36 bacterial species and an influenza data set related to recently emerging H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China.Conclusion: QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM have the potential to accurately reconstruct evolutionary scenarios from simple branching trees to complicated networks containing many reticulate events. These methods could provide insights into the understanding of complicated biological evolutionary processes such as bacterial taxonomy and reassortant of influenza viruses. © 2014 Yang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 74 Kevin J. Liu, Jingxuan Dai, Kathy Truong, Ying Song, Michael H. Kohn and Luay Nakhleh. An HMM-Based Comparative Genomic Framework for Detecting Introgression in Eukaryotes. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 10(6):e1003649, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet-HMM. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7989.         Toggle abstract "One outcome of interspecific hybridization and subsequent effects of evolutionary forces is introgression, which is the integration of genetic material from one species into the genome of an individual in another species. The evolution of several groups of eukaryotic species has involved hybridization, and cases of adaptation through introgression have been already established. In this work, we report on PhyloNet-HMM-a new comparative genomic framework for detecting introgression in genomes. PhyloNet-HMM combines phylogenetic networks with hidden Markov models (HMMs) to simultaneously capture the (potentially reticulate) evolutionary history of the genomes and dependencies within genomes. A novel aspect of our work is that it also accounts for incomplete lineage sorting and dependence across loci. Application of our model to variation data from chromosome 7 in the mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) genome detected a recently reported adaptive introgression event involving the rodent poison resistance gene Vkorc1, in addition to other newly detected introgressed genomic regions. Based on our analysis, it is estimated that about 9% of all sites within chromosome 7 are of introgressive origin (these cover about 13 Mbp of chromosome 7, and over 300 genes). Further, our model detected no introgression in a negative control data set. We also found that our model accurately detected introgression and other evolutionary processes from synthetic data sets simulated under the coalescent model with recombination, isolation, and migration. Our work provides a powerful framework for systematic analysis of introgression while simultaneously accounting for dependence across sites, point mutations, recombination, and ancestral polymorphism. © 2014 Liu et al." 75 David A. Morrison. Rooted Phylogenetic Networks for Exploratory Data Analysis. In Advances in Research, Vol. 2(3):145-152, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, reconstruction.         76 David A. Morrison. Next generation sequencing and phylogenetic networks. In EMBnet.journal, Vol. 20(e760):1-4, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from NGS data, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction.         77 Yi-Chieh Wu. Computational evolutionary genomics : phylogenomic models spanning domains, genes, individuals, and species. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A., 2014.   Keywords: duplication, from sequences, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogeny, Program TreeFix-DTL, reconstruction. Note: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87937.         78 Monika Balvociute, Andreas Spillner and Vincent Moulton. FlatNJ: A Novel Network-Based Approach to Visualize Evolutionary and Biogeographical Relationships. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 63(3):383-396, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, flat, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program FlatNJ, Program SplitsTree, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu001.         Toggle abstract "Split networks are a type of phylogenetic network that allow visualization of conflict in evolutionary data. We present a new method for constructing such networks called FlatNetJoining (FlatNJ). A key feature of FlatNJ is that it produces networks that can be drawn in the plane in which labels may appear inside of the network. For complex data sets that involve, for example, non-neutral molecular markers, this can allow additional detail to be visualized as compared to previous methods such as split decomposition and NeighborNet. We illustrate the application of FlatNJ by applying it to whole HIV genome sequences, where recombination has taken place, fluorescent proteins in corals, where ancestral sequences are present, and mitochondrial DNA sequences from gall wasps, where biogeographical relationships are of interest. We find that the networks generated by FlatNJ can facilitate the study of genetic variation in the underlying molecular sequence data and, in particular, may help to investigate processes such as intra-locus recombination. FlatNJ has been implemented in Java and is freely available at www.uea.ac.uk/computing/software/ flatnj. [flat split system; NeighborNet; Phylogenetic network; QNet; split; split network.] © The Author(s) 2014." 79 Benjamin Albrecht. Computing Hybridization Networks for Multiple Rooted Binary Phylogenetic Trees by Maximum Acyclic Agreement Forests. 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, from rooted trees, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.3044.         80 Yun Yu. Models and Methods for Evolutionary Histories Involving Hybridization and Incomplete Lineage Sorting. PhD thesis, Rice University, U.S.A., 2014.   Keywords: hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/77583.         81 Adrià Alcalà Mena, Mercè Llabrés, Francesc Rosselló and Pau Rullan. Tree-Child Cluster Networks. In Fundamenta Informaticae, Vol. 134(1-2):1-15, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetwork, reconstruction, tree child network.         82 Chris Whidden, Robert G. Beiko and Norbert Zeh. Fixed-Parameter Algorithms for Maximum Agreement Forests. In SICOMP, Vol. 42(4):1431-1466, 2013.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, SPR distance. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2664, slides.         Toggle abstract "We present new and improved fixed-parameter algorithms for computing maximum agreement forests of pairs of rooted binary phylogenetic trees. The size of such a forest for two trees corresponds to their subtree prune-and-regraft distance and, if the agreement forest is acyclic, to their hybridization number. These distance measures are essential tools for understanding reticulate evolution. Our algorithm for computing maximum acyclic agreement forests is the first depth-bounded search algorithm for this problem. Our algorithms substantially outperform the best previous algorithms for these problems. © 2013 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics." 83 Teresa Piovesan and Steven Kelk. A simple fixed parameter tractable algorithm for computing the hybridization number of two (not necessarily binary) trees. In TCBB, Vol. 10(1):18-25, 2013.   Keywords: FPT, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TerminusEst, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6090.         Toggle abstract "Here, we present a new fixed parameter tractable algorithm to compute the hybridization number (r) of two rooted, not necessarily binary phylogenetic trees on taxon set (X) in time ((6r r) · poly(n)), where (n= |X|). The novelty of this approach is its use of terminals, which are maximal elements of a natural partial order on (X), and several insights from the softwired clusters literature. This yields a surprisingly simple and practical bounded-search algorithm and offers an alternative perspective on the underlying combinatorial structure of the hybridization number problem. © 2004-2012 IEEE." 84 Peter J. Humphries, Simone Linz and Charles Semple. On the complexity of computing the temporal hybridization number for two phylogenies. In DAM, Vol. 161:871-880, 2013.   Keywords: agreement forest, APX hard, characterization, from rooted trees, hybridization, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, time consistent network. Note: http://ab.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/people/linz/publications/TAFapx.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks are now frequently used to explain the evolutionary history of a set of species for which a collection of gene trees, reconstructed from genetic material of different parts of the species' genomes, reveal inconsistencies. However, in the context of hybridization, the reconstructed networks are often not temporal. If a hybridization network is temporal, then it satisfies the time constraint of instantaneously occurring hybridization events; i.e. all species that are involved in such an event coexist in time. Furthermore, although a collection of phylogenetic trees can often be merged into a hybridization network that is temporal, many algorithms do not necessarily find such a network since their primary optimization objective is to minimize the number of hybridization events. In this paper, we present a characterization for when two rooted binary phylogenetic trees admit a temporal hybridization network. Furthermore, we show that the underlying optimization problem is APX-hard and, therefore, NP-hard. Thus, unless P=NP, it is unlikely that there are efficient algorithms for either computing an exact solution or approximating it within a ratio arbitrarily close to one. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 85 Sha Zhu, James H. Degnan and Bjarki Eldon. Hybrid-Lambda: simulation of multiple merger and Kingman gene genealogies in species networks and species trees. 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-Lambda, simulation, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.0673.         86 Thi-Hau Nguyen, Vincent Ranwez, Stéphanie Pointet, Anne-Muriel Chifolleau Arigon, Jean-Philippe Doyon and Vincent Berry. Reconciliation and local gene tree rearrangement can be of mutual profit. In ALMOB, Vol. 8(12), 2013.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, heuristic, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Mowgli, Program MowgliNNI, Program Prunier, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Background: Reconciliation methods compare gene trees and species trees to recover evolutionary events such as duplications, transfers and losses explaining the history and composition of genomes. It is well-known that gene trees inferred from molecular sequences can be partly erroneous due to incorrect sequence alignments as well as phylogenetic reconstruction artifacts such as long branch attraction. In practice, this leads reconciliation methods to overestimate the number of evolutionary events. Several methods have been proposed to circumvent this problem, by collapsing the unsupported edges and then resolving the obtained multifurcating nodes, or by directly rearranging the binary gene trees. Yet these methods have been defined for models of evolution accounting only for duplications and losses, i.e. can not be applied to handle prokaryotic gene families.Results: We propose a reconciliation method accounting for gene duplications, losses and horizontal transfers, that specifically takes into account the uncertainties in gene trees by rearranging their weakly supported edges. Rearrangements are performed on edges having a low confidence value, and are accepted whenever they improve the reconciliation cost. We prove useful properties on the dynamic programming matrix used to compute reconciliations, which allows to speed-up the tree space exploration when rearrangements are generated by Nearest Neighbor Interchanges (NNI) edit operations. Experiments on synthetic data show that gene trees modified by such NNI rearrangements are closer to the correct simulated trees and lead to better event predictions on average. Experiments on real data demonstrate that the proposed method leads to a decrease in the reconciliation cost and the number of inferred events. Finally on a dataset of 30 k gene families, this reconciliation method shows a ranking of prokaryotic phyla by transfer rates identical to that proposed by a different approach dedicated to transfer detection [BMCBIOINF 11:324, 2010, PNAS 109(13):4962-4967, 2012].Conclusions: Prokaryotic gene trees can now be reconciled with their species phylogeny while accounting for the uncertainty of the gene tree. More accurate and more precise reconciliations are obtained with respect to previous parsimony algorithms not accounting for such uncertainties [LNCS 6398:93-108, 2010, BIOINF 28(12): i283-i291, 2012].A software implementing the method is freely available at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/Mowgli/. © 2013 Nguyen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 87 Yun Yu, R. Matthew Barnett and Luay Nakhleh. Parsimonious Inference of Hybridization in the Presence of Incomplete Lineage Sorting. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 62(5):738-751, 2013.   Keywords: from network, from rooted trees, hybridization, lineage sorting, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Hybridization plays an important evolutionary role in several groups of organisms. A phylogenetic approach to detect hybridization entails sequencing multiple loci across the genomes of a group of species of interest, reconstructing their gene trees, and taking their differences as indicators of hybridization. However, methods that follow this approach mostly ignore population effects, such as incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Given that hybridization occurs between closely related organisms, ILS may very well be at play and, hence, must be accounted for in the analysis framework. To address this issue, we present a parsimony criterion for reconciling gene trees within the branches of a phylogenetic network, and a local search heuristic for inferring phylogenetic networks from collections of gene-tree topologies under this criterion. This framework enables phylogenetic analyses while accounting for both hybridization and ILS. Further, we propose two techniques for incorporating information about uncertainty in gene-tree estimates. Our simulation studies demonstrate the good performance of our framework in terms of identifying the location of hybridization events, as well as estimating the proportions of genes that underwent hybridization. Also, our framework shows good performance in terms of efficiency on handling large data sets in our experiments. Further, in analysing a yeast data set, we demonstrate issues that arise when analysing real data sets. Although a probabilistic approach was recently introduced for this problem, and although parsimonious reconciliations have accuracy issues under certain settings, our parsimony framework provides a much more computationally efficient technique for this type of analysis. Our framework now allows for genome-wide scans for hybridization, while also accounting for ILS. [Phylogenetic networks; hybridization; incomplete lineage sorting; coalescent; multi-labeled trees.] © 2013 The Author(s). All rights reserved." 88 Juan Wang, Maozu Guo, Xiaoyan Liu, Yang Liu, Chunyu Wang, Linlin Xing and Kai Che. LNETWORK: An Efficient and Effective Method for Constructing Phylogenetic Networks. In BIO, Vol. 29(18):2269-2276, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LNetwork, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: The evolutionary history of species is traditionally represented with a rooted phylogenetic tree. Each tree comprises a set of clusters, i.e. subsets of the species that are descended from a common ancestor. When rooted phylogenetic trees are built from several different datasets (e.g. from different genes), the clusters are often conflicting. These conflicting clusters cannot be expressed as a simple phylogenetic tree; however, they can be expressed in a phylogenetic network. Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that can account for processes such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer and recombination, which are difficult to represent in standard tree-like models of evolutionary histories. There is currently a large body of research aimed at developing appropriate methods for constructing phylogenetic networks from cluster sets. The Cass algorithm can construct a much simpler network than other available methods, but is extremely slow for large datasets or for datasets that need lots of reticulate nodes. The networks constructed by Cass are also greatly dependent on the order of input data, i.e. it generally derives different phylogenetic networks for the same dataset when different input orders are used.Results: In this study, we introduce an improved Cass algorithm, Lnetwork, which can construct a phylogenetic network for a given set of clusters. We show that Lnetwork is significantly faster than Cass and effectively weakens the influence of input data order. Moreover, we show that Lnetwork can construct a much simpler network than most of the other available methods. © The Author 2013." 89 Juan Wang, Maozu Guo, Linlin Xing, Kai Che, Xiaoyan Liu and Chunyu Wang. BIMLR: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Phylogenetic Trees. In Gene, Vol. 527(1):344-351, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program BIMLR, Program Dendroscope, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Rooted phylogenetic trees constructed from different datasets (e.g. from different genes) are often conflicting with one another, i.e. they cannot be integrated into a single phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic networks have become an important tool in molecular evolution, and rooted phylogenetic networks are able to represent conflicting rooted phylogenetic trees. Hence, the development of appropriate methods to compute rooted phylogenetic networks from rooted phylogenetic trees has attracted considerable research interest of late. The CASS algorithm proposed by van Iersel et al. is able to construct much simpler networks than other available methods, but it is extremely slow, and the networks it constructs are dependent on the order of the input data. Here, we introduce an improved CASS algorithm, BIMLR. We show that BIMLR is faster than CASS and less dependent on the input data order. Moreover, BIMLR is able to construct much simpler networks than almost all other methods. BIMLR is available at http://nclab.hit.edu.cn/wangjuan/BIMLR/. © 2013 Elsevier B.V." 90 Willem Sonke. Reconstructing a level-1-network from quartets. 2013.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Fylogenetica, reconstruction, software, visualization. Note: http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/sonke2013.pdf.         91 Celine Scornavacca, Paprotny Wojciech, Vincent Berry and Vincent Ranwez. Representing a set of reconciliations in a compact way. In JBCB, Vol. 11(2):1250025, 2013.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogeny, Program GraphDTL, Program TERA, visualization. Note: http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00818801.         Toggle abstract "Comparative genomic studies are often conducted by reconciliation analyses comparing gene and species trees. One of the issues with reconciliation approaches is that an exponential number of optimal scenarios is possible. The resulting complexity is masked by the fact that a majority of reconciliation software pick up a random optimal solution that is returned to the end-user. However, the alternative solutions should not be ignored since they tell different stories that parsimony considers as viable as the output solution. In this paper, we describe a polynomial space and time algorithm to build a minimum reconciliation graph-a graph that summarizes the set of all most parsimonious reconciliations. Amongst numerous applications, it is shown how this graph allows counting the number of non-equivalent most parsimonious reconciliations. © 2013 Imperial College Press." 92 Thi-Hau Nguyen, Vincent Ranwez, Vincent Berry and Celine Scornavacca. Support Measures to Estimate the Reliability of Evolutionary Events Predicted by Reconciliation Methods. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 8(10):e73667, 2013.   Keywords: duplication, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program GraphDTL, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073667.         Toggle abstract "The genome content of extant species is derived from that of ancestral genomes, distorted by evolutionary events such as gene duplications, transfers and losses. Reconciliation methods aim at recovering such events and at localizing them in the species history, by comparing gene family trees to species trees. These methods play an important role in studying genome evolution as well as in inferring orthology relationships. A major issue with reconciliation methods is that the reliability of predicted evolutionary events may be questioned for various reasons: Firstly, there may be multiple equally optimal reconciliations for a given species tree-gene tree pair. Secondly, reconciliation methods can be misled by inaccurate gene or species trees. Thirdly, predicted events may fluctuate with method parameters such as the cost or rate of elementary events. For all of these reasons, confidence values for predicted evolutionary events are sorely needed. It was recently suggested that the frequency of each event in the set of all optimal reconciliations could be used as a support measure. We put this proposition to the test here and also consider a variant where the support measure is obtained by additionally accounting for suboptimal reconciliations. Experiments on simulated data show the relevance of event supports computed by both methods, while resorting to suboptimal sampling was shown to be more effective. Unfortunately, we also show that, unlike the majority-rule consensus tree for phylogenies, there is no guarantee that a single reconciliation can contain all events having above 50% support. In this paper, we detail how to rely on the reconciliation graph to efficiently identify the median reconciliation. Such median reconciliation can be found in polynomial time within the potentially exponential set of most parsimonious reconciliations. © 2013 Nguyen et al." 93 Yun Yu, Nikola Ristic and Luay Nakhleh. Fast algorithms and heuristics for phylogenomics under ILS and hybridization. In RECOMB-CG'13, Vol. 14(Suppl 15):S6 of BMCB, 2013.   Keywords: from network, from rooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction.         94 Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. Fast Algorithms for Reconciliation under Hybridization and Incomplete Lineage Sorting. 2012.   Keywords: hybridization, lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.1909.         95 Steven Kelk, Celine Scornavacca and Leo van Iersel. On the elusiveness of clusters. In TCBB, Vol. 9(2):517-534, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, from rooted trees, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Clustistic, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1834.         96 Paul Phipps and Sergey Bereg. Optimizing Phylogenetic Networks for Circular Split Systems. In TCBB, Vol. 9(2):535-547, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, from splits, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhippsNetwork, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "We address the problem of realizing a given distance matrix by a planar phylogenetic network with a minimum number of faces. With the help of the popular software SplitsTree4, we start by approximating the distance matrix with a distance metric that is a linear combination of circular splits. The main results of this paper are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a network with a single face. We show how such a network can be constructed, and we present a heuristic for constructing a network with few faces using the first algorithm as the base case. Experimental results on biological data show that this heuristic algorithm can produce phylogenetic networks with far fewer faces than the ones computed by SplitsTree4, without affecting the approximation of the distance matrix. © 2012 IEEE." 97 Andreas Spillner and Vincent Moulton. Optimal algorithms for computing edge weights in planar split-networks. In Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, Vol. 39(1-2):1-13, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12190-011-0506-z.         Toggle abstract "In phylogenetics, biologists commonly compute split networks when trying to better understand evolutionary data. These graph-theoretical structures represent collections of weighted bipartitions or splits of a finite set, and provide a means to display conflicting evolutionary signals. The weights associated to the splits are used to scale the edges in the network and are often computed using some distance matrix associated with the data. In this paper we present optimal polynomial time algorithms for three basic problems that arise in this context when computing split weights for planar split-networks. These generalize algorithms that have been developed for special classes of split networks (namely, trees and outer-labeled planar networks). As part of our analysis, we also derive a Crofton formula for full flat split systems, structures that naturally arise when constructing planar split-networks. © 2011 Korean Society for Computational and Applied Mathematics." 98 Zhi-Zhong Chen and Lusheng Wang. Algorithms for Reticulate Networks of Multiple Phylogenetic Trees. In TCBB, Vol. 9(2):372-384, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program CMPT, Program MaafB, reconstruction, software. Note: http://rnc.r.dendai.ac.jp/~chen/papers/rMaaf.pdf.         Toggle abstract "A reticulate network N of multiple phylogenetic trees may have nodes with two or more parents (called reticulation nodes). There are two ways to define the reticulation number of N. One way is to define it as the number of reticulation nodes in N in this case, a reticulate network with the smallest reticulation number is called an optimal type-I reticulate network of the trees. The better way is to define it as the total number of parents of reticulation nodes in N minus the number of reticulation nodes in N ; in this case, a reticulate network with the smallest reticulation number is called an optimal type-II reticulate network of the trees. In this paper, we first present a fast fixed-parameter algorithm for constructing one or all optimal type-I reticulate networks of multiple phylogenetic trees. We then use the algorithm together with other ideas to obtain an algorithm for estimating a lower bound on the reticulation number of an optimal type-II reticulate network of the input trees. To our knowledge, these are the first fixed-parameter algorithms for the problems. We have implemented the algorithms in ANSI C, obtaining programs CMPT and MaafB. Our experimental data show that CMPT can construct optimal type-I reticulate networks rapidly and MaafB can compute better lower bounds for optimal type-II reticulate networks within shorter time than the previously best program PIRN designed by Wu. © 2006 IEEE." 99 Benjamin Albrecht, Celine Scornavacca, Alberto Cenci and Daniel H. Huson. Fast computation of minimum hybridization networks. In BIO, Vol. 28(2):191-197, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr618.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: Hybridization events in evolution may lead to incongruent gene trees. One approach to determining possible interspecific hybridization events is to compute a hybridization network that attempts to reconcile incongruent gene trees using a minimum number of hybridization events. Results: We describe how to compute a representative set of minimum hybridization networks for two given bifurcating input trees, using a parallel algorithm and provide a user-friendly implementation. A simulation study suggests that our program performs significantly better than existing software on biologically relevant data. Finally, we demonstrate the application of such methods in the context of the evolution of the Aegilops/Triticum genera. Availability and implementation: The algorithm is implemented in the program Dendroscope 3, which is freely available from www.dendroscope.org and runs on all three major operating systems. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 100 Hyun Jung Park and Luay Nakhleh. MURPAR: A fast heuristic for inferring parsimonious phylogenetic networks from multiple gene trees. In ISBRA12, Vol. 7292:213-224 of LNCS, springer, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks provide a graphical representation of evolutionary histories that involve non-treelike evolutionary events, such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). One approach for inferring phylogenetic networks is based on reconciling gene trees, assuming all incongruence among the gene trees is due to HGT. Several mathematical results and algorithms, both exact and heuristic, have been introduced to construct and analyze phylogenetic networks. Here, we address the computational problem of inferring phylogenetic networks with minimum reticulations from a collection of gene trees. As this problem is known to be NP-hard even for a pair of gene trees, the problem at hand is very hard. In this paper, we present an efficient heuristic, MURPAR, for inferring a phylogenetic network from a collection of gene trees by using pairwise reconciliations of trees in the collection. Given the development of efficient and accurate methods for pairwise gene tree reconciliations, MURPAR inherits this efficiency and accuracy. Further, the method includes a formulation for combining pairwise reconciliations that is naturally amenable to an efficient integer linear programming (ILP) solution. We show that MURPAR produces more accurate results than other methods and is at least as fast, when run on synthetic and biological data. We believe that our method is especially important for rapidly obtaining estimates of genome-scale evolutionary histories that can be further refined by more detailed and compute-intensive methods. © 2012 Springer-Verlag." 101 Reza Hassanzadeh, Changiz Eslahchi and Wing-Kin Sung. Constructing phylogenetic supernetworks based on simulated annealing. In MPE, Vol. 63(3):738-744, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, from unrooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SNSA, reconstruction, simulated annealing, software, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.009.         Toggle abstract Different partial phylogenetic trees can be derived from different sources of evidence and different methods. One important problem is to summarize these partial phylogenetic trees using a supernetwork. We propose a novel simulated annealing based method called SNSA which uses an optimization function to produce a simple network that still retains a great deal of phylogenetic information. We report the performance of this new method on real and simulated datasets. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. 102 Jesper Jansson and Andrzej Lingas. Computing the rooted triplet distance between galled trees by counting triangles. In CPM12, Vol. 7354:385-398 of LNCS, springer, 2012.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, triplet distance. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/d_rt_for_Galled_Trees5_CPM_2012.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We consider a generalization of the rooted triplet distance between two phylogenetic trees to two phylogenetic networks. We show that if each of the two given phylogenetic networks is a so-called galled tree with n leaves then the rooted triplet distance can be computed in o(n 2.688) time. Our upper bound is obtained by reducing the problem of computing the rooted triplet distance to that of counting monochromatic and almost- monochromatic triangles in an undirected, edge-colored graph. To count different types of colored triangles in a graph efficiently, we extend an existing technique based on matrix multiplication and obtain several new related results that may be of independent interest. © 2012 Springer-Verlag." 103 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Nela Lekic and Celine Scornavacca. A practical approximation algorithm for solving massive instances of hybridization number. In WABI12, Vol. 7534(430-440) of LNCS, springer, 2012.   Keywords: agreement forest, approximation, explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program CycleKiller, Program Dendroscope, Program HybridNET, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3417.         Toggle abstract "Reticulate events play an important role in determining evolutionary relationships. The problem of computing the minimum number of such events to explain discordance between two phylogenetic trees is a hard computational problem. In practice, exact solvers struggle to solve instances with reticulation number larger than 40. For such instances, one has to resort to heuristics and approximation algorithms. Here we present the algorithm CycleKiller which is the first approximation algorithm that can produce solutions verifiably close to optimality for instances with hundreds or even thousands of reticulations. Theoretically, the algorithm is an exponential-time 2-approximation (or 4-approximation in its fastest mode). However, using simulations we demonstrate that in practice the algorithm runs quickly for large and difficult instances, producing solutions within one percent of optimality. An implementation of this algorithm, which extends the theoretical work of [14], has been made publicly available. © 2012 Springer-Verlag." 104 Alix Boc, Alpha B. Diallo and Vladimir Makarenkov. T-REX: a web server for inferring, validating and visualizing phylogenetic trees and networks. In NAR, Vol. 40(W1):W573-W579, 2012.   Keywords: from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program T REX, reconstruction, reticulogram, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks485.         Toggle abstract "T-REX (Tree and reticulogram REConstruction) is a web server dedicated to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees, reticulation networks and to the inference of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. T-REX includes several popular bioinformatics applications such as MUSCLE, MAFFT, Neighbor Joining, NINJA, BioNJ, PhyML, RAxML, random phylogenetic tree generator and some well-known sequence-to-distance transformation models. It also comprises fast and effective methods for inferring phylogenetic trees from complete and incomplete distance matrices as well as for reconstructing reticulograms and HGT networks, including the detection and validation of complete and partial gene transfers, inference of consensus HGT scenarios and interactive HGT identification, developed by the authors. The included methods allows for validating and visualizing phylogenetic trees and networks which can be built from distance or sequence data. The web server is available at: www.trex.uqam.ca. © 2012 The Author(s)." 105 Daniel H. Huson and Celine Scornavacca. Dendroscope 3: An Interactive Tool for Rooted Phylogenetic Trees and Networks. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 61(6):1061-1067, 2012.   Keywords: from rooted trees, from triplets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, reconstruction, software, visualization.         Toggle abstract "Dendroscope 3 is a new program for working with rooted phylogenetic trees and networks. It provides a number of methods for drawing and comparing rooted phylogenetic networks, and for computing them from rooted trees. The program can be used interactively or in command-line mode. The program is written in Java, use of the software is free, and installers for all 3 major operating systems can be downloaded from www.dendroscope.org. [Phylogenetic trees; phylogenetic networks; software.] © 2012 The Author(s)." 106 Zhi-Zhong Chen, Lusheng Wang and Satoshi Yamanaka. A fast tool for minimum hybridization networks. In BMCB, Vol. 13:155, 2012.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program FastHN, reconstruction, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-13-155.         Toggle abstract "Background: Due to hybridization events in evolution, studying two different genes of a set of species may yield two related but different phylogenetic trees for the set of species. In this case, we want to combine the two phylogenetic trees into a hybridization network with the fewest hybridization events. This leads to three computational problems, namely, the problem of computing the minimum size of a hybridization network, the problem of constructing one minimum hybridization network, and the problem of enumerating a representative set of minimum hybridization networks. The previously best software tools for these problems (namely, Chen and Wang's HybridNet and Albrecht et al.'s Dendroscope 3) run very slowly for large instances that cannot be reduced to relatively small instances. Indeed, when the minimum size of a hybridization network of two given trees is larger than 23 and the problem for the trees cannot be reduced to relatively smaller independent subproblems, then HybridNet almost always takes longer than 1 day and Dendroscope 3 often fails to complete. Thus, a faster software tool for the problems is in need.Results: We develop a software tool in ANSI C, named FastHN, for the following problems: Computing the minimum size of a hybridization network, constructing one minimum hybridization network, and enumerating a representative set of minimum hybridization networks. We obtain FastHN by refining HybridNet with three ideas. The first idea is to preprocess the input trees so that the trees become smaller or the problem becomes to solve two or more relatively smaller independent subproblems. The second idea is to use a fast algorithm for computing the rSPR distance of two given phylognetic trees to cut more branches of the search tree in the exhaustive-search stage of the algorithm. The third idea is that during the exhaustive-search stage of the algorithm, we find two sibling leaves in one of the two forests (obtained from the given trees by cutting some edges) such that they are as far as possible in the other forest. As the result, FastHN always runs much faster than HybridNet. Unlike Dendroscope 3, FastHN is a single-threaded program. Despite this disadvantage, our experimental data shows that FastHN runs substantially faster than the multi-threaded Dendroscope 3 on a PC with multiple cores. Indeed, FastHN can finish within 16 minutes (on average on a Windows-7 (x64) desktop PC with i7-2600 CPU) even if the minimum size of a hybridization network of two given trees is about 25, the trees each have 100 leaves, and the problem for the input trees cannot be reduced to two or more independent subproblems via cluster reductions. It is also worth mentioning that like HybridNet, FastHN does not use much memory (indeed, the amount of memory is at most quadratic in the input size). In contrast, Dendroscope 3 uses a huge amount of memory. Executables of FastHN for Windows XP (x86), Windows 7 (x64), Linux, and Mac OS are available (see the Results and discussion section for details).Conclusions: For both biological datasets and simulated datasets, our experimental results show that FastHN runs substantially faster than HybridNet and Dendroscope 3. The superiority of FastHN in speed over the previous tools becomes more significant as the hybridization number becomes larger. In addition, FastHN uses much less memory than Dendroscope 3 and uses the same amount of memory as HybridNet. © 2012 Chen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 107 Adrià Alcalà Mena and Francesc Rosselló. Ternary graph isomorphism in polynomial time, after Luks. 2012.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, isomorphism, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SAGE. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.0871.         108 Adrià Alcalà Mena. Trivalent Graph isomorphism in polynomial time. Master's thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain, 2012.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, isomorphism, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SAGE. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1040.         109 Nick J. Patterson, Priya Moorjani, Yontao Luo, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Yiping Zhan, Teri Genschoreck, Teresa Webster and David Reich. Ancient Admixture in Human History. In Genetics, Vol. 192(3):1065-1093, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, population genetics, Program AdmixTools. Note: http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome_files/2012_Patterson_AncientAdmixture_Genetics.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Population mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean "Iceman." © 2012 by the Genetics Society of America." 110 Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton, Andreas Spillner, Sabine Storandt and Radoslaw Suchecki. Computing a consensus of multilabeled trees. In ALENEX12, Pages 84-92, 2012.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, exponential algorithm, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://siam.omnibooksonline.com/2012ALENEX/data/papers/020.pdf.         Toggle abstract In this paper we consider two challenging problems that arise in the context of computing a consensus of a collection of multilabeled trees, namely (1) selecting a compatible collection of clusters on a multiset from an ordered list of such clusters and (2) optimally refining high degree vertices in a multilabeled tree. Forming such a consensus is part of an approach to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a set of species for which events such as genome duplication and hybridization have occurred in the past. We present exact algorithms for solving (1) and (2) that have an exponential run-time in the worst case. To give some impression of their performance in practice, we apply them to simulated input and to a real biological data set highlighting the impact of several structural properties of the input on the performance. 111 Alix Boc. Détection des transferts horizontaux de gènes : modèles et algorithmes appliqués à l'évolution des espèces et des langues. PhD thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada, 2012.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program T REX, reconstruction. Note: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/QMUQ/TC-QMUQ-4658.pdf.         112 Fenglou Mao, David Williams, Olga Zhaxybayeva, Maria S. Poptsova, Pascal Lapierre, J. Peter Gogarten and Ying Xu. Quartet decomposition server: a platform for analyzing phylogenetic trees. In BMCB, Vol. 13:123, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Quartet Decomposition, reconstruction, software, split network.         Toggle abstract "Background: The frequent exchange of genetic material among prokaryotes means that extracting a majority or plurality phylogenetic signal from many gene families, and the identification of gene families that are in significant conflict with the plurality signal is a frequent task in comparative genomics, and especially in phylogenomic analyses. Decomposition of gene trees into embedded quartets (unrooted trees each with four taxa) is a convenient and statistically powerful technique to address this challenging problem. This approach was shown to be useful in several studies of completely sequenced microbial genomes.Results: We present here a web server that takes a collection of gene phylogenies, decomposes them into quartets, generates a Quartet Spectrum, and draws a split network. Users are also provided with various data download options for further analyses. Each gene phylogeny is to be represented by an assessment of phylogenetic information content, such as sets of trees reconstructed from bootstrap replicates or sampled from a posterior distribution. The Quartet Decomposition server is accessible at http://quartets.uga.edu.Conclusions: The Quartet Decomposition server presented here provides a convenient means to perform Quartet Decomposition analyses and will empower users to find statistically supported phylogenetic conflicts. © 2012 Mao et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 113 Katharina Huber, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Radoslaw Suchecki. A Practical Algorithm for Reconstructing Level-1 Phylogenetic Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 8(3):607-620, 2011.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, generation, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LEV1ATHAN, Program Lev1Generator, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.4067.         Toggle abstract "Recently, much attention has been devoted to the construction of phylogenetic networks which generalize phylogenetic trees in order to accommodate complex evolutionary processes. Here, we present an efficient, practical algorithm for reconstructing level-1 phylogenetic networks-a type of network slightly more general than a phylogenetic tree-from triplets. Our algorithm has been made publicly available as the program Lev1athan. It combines ideas from several known theoretical algorithms for phylogenetic tree and network reconstruction with two novel subroutines. Namely, an exponential-time exact and a greedy algorithm both of which are of independent theoretical interest. Most importantly, Lev1athan runs in polynomial time and always constructs a level-1 network. If the data are consistent with a phylogenetic tree, then the algorithm constructs such a tree. Moreover, if the input triplet set is dense and, in addition, is fully consistent with some level-1 network, it will find such a network. The potential of Lev1athan is explored by means of an extensive simulation study and a biological data set. One of our conclusions is that Lev1athan is able to construct networks consistent with a high percentage of input triplets, even when these input triplets are affected by a low to moderate level of noise. © 2011 IEEE." 114 Josh Voorkamp né Collins, Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Quantifying hybridization in realistic time. In JCB, Vol. 18(10):1305-1318, 2011.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, software. Note: http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~linzs/CLS10_interleave.pdf, software available at http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/software.shtml.         Toggle abstract "Recently, numerous practical and theoretical studies in evolutionary biology aim at calculating the extent to which reticulation-for example, horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, or recombination-has influenced the evolution for a set of present-day species. It has been shown that inferring the minimum number of hybridization events that is needed to simultaneously explain the evolutionary history for a set of trees is an NP-hard and also fixed-parameter tractable problem. In this article, we give a new fixed-parameter algorithm for computing the minimum number of hybridization events for when two rooted binary phylogenetic trees are given. This newly developed algorithm is based on interleaving-a technique using repeated kernelization steps that are applied throughout the exhaustive search part of a fixed-parameter algorithm. To show that our algorithm runs efficiently to be applicable to a wide range of practical problem instances, we apply it to a grass data set and highlight the significant improvements in terms of running times in comparison to an algorithm that has previously been implemented. © 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc." 115 Jean-Philippe Doyon, Celine Scornavacca, Konstantin Yu Gorbunov, Gergely J. Szöllösi, Vincent Ranwez and Vincent Berry. An efficient algorithm for gene/species trees parsimonious reconciliation with losses, duplications, and transfers. In Proceedings of the Eighth RECOMB Comparative Genomics Satellite Workshop (RECOMB-CG'10), Vol. 6398:93-108 of LNCS, springer, 2011.   Keywords: branch length, duplication, dynamic programming, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, from species tree, from unrooted trees, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Mowgli, reconstruction. Note: http://www.lirmm.fr/~vberry/Publis/MPR-DoyonEtAl.pdf, software available at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/MPR/.         Toggle abstract "Tree reconciliation methods aim at estimating the evolutionary events that cause discrepancy between gene trees and species trees. We provide a discrete computational model that considers duplications, transfers and losses of genes. The model yields a fast and exact algorithm to infer time consistent and most parsimonious reconciliations. Then we study the conditions under which parsimony is able to accurately infer such events. Overall, it performs well even under realistic rates, transfers being in general less accurately recovered than duplications. An implementation is freely available at http://www.atgc- montpellier.fr/MPR. © 2010 Springer-Verlag." 116 Ruzbeh Tusserkani, Changiz Eslahchi, Hadi Poormohammadi and Azin Azadi. TripNet: A Method for Constructing Phylogenetic Networks from Triplets. 2011.   Keywords: explicit network, heuristic, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TripNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.4720.         117 Marc Thuillard and Vincent Moulton. Identifying and reconstructing lateral transfers from distance matrices by combining the Minimum Contradiction Method and Neighbor-Net. In JBCB, Vol. 9(4):453-470, 2011.   Keywords: from distances, lateral gene transfer, minimum contradiction, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219720011005409, slides available at http://www.newton.ac.uk/programmes/PLG/seminars/062015501.html.         Toggle abstract "Identifying lateral gene transfers is an important problem in evolutionary biology. Under a simple model of evolution, the expected values of an evolutionary distance matrix describing a phylogenetic tree fulfill the so-called Kalmanson inequalities. The Minimum Contradiction method for identifying lateral gene transfers exploits the fact that lateral transfers may generate large deviations from the Kalmanson inequalities. Here a new approach is presented to deal with such cases that combines the Neighbor-Net algorithm for computing phylogenetic networks with the Minimum Contradiction method. A subset of taxa, prescribed using Neighbor-Net, is obtained by measuring how closely the Kalmanson inequalities are fulfilled by each taxon. A criterion is then used to identify the taxa, possibly involved in a lateral transfer between nonconsecutive taxa. We illustrate the utility of the new approach by applying it to a distance matrix for Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. © 2011 Imperial College Press." 118 Klaus Schliep. Phangorn: Phylogenetic analysis in R. In Bioinformatics, Vol. 27(4):592-593, 2011.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, phylogenetic network, Program Phangorn, software, split, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706.         Toggle abstract "Summary: phangorn is a package for phylogenetic reconstruction and analysis in the R language. Previously it was only possible to estimate phylogenetic trees with distance methods in R. phangorn, now offers the possibility of reconstructing phylogenies with distance based methods, maximum parsimony or maximum likelihood (ML) and performing Hadamard conjugation. Extending the general ML framework, this package provides the possibility of estimating mixture and partition models. Furthermore, phangorn offers several functions for comparing trees, phylogenetic models or splits, simulating character data and performing congruence analyses. © The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press." 119 Lavanya Kannan, Hua Li and Arcady Mushegian. A Polynomial-Time Algorithm Computing Lower and Upper Bounds of the Rooted Subtree Prune and Regraft Distance. In JCB, Vol. 18(5):743-757, 2011.   Keywords: bound, minimum number, polynomial, SPR distance. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2010.0045.         Toggle abstract "Rooted, leaf-labeled trees are used in biology to represent hierarchical relationships of various entities, most notably the evolutionary history of molecules and organisms. Rooted Subtree Prune and Regraft (rSPR) operation is a tree rearrangement operation that is used to transform a tree into another tree that has the same set of leaf labels. The minimum number of rSPR operations that transform one tree into another is denoted by drSPR and gives a measure of dissimilarity between the trees, which can be used to compare trees obtained by different approaches, or, in the context of phylogenetic analysis, to detect horizontal gene transfer events by finding incongruences between trees of different evolving characters. The problem of computing the exact d rSPR measure is NP-hard, and most algorithms resort to finding sequences of rSPR operations that are sufficient for transforming one tree into another, thereby giving upper bound heuristics for the distance. In this article, we present an O(n4) recursive algorithm D-Clust that gives both lower bound and upper bound heuristics for the distance between trees with n shared leaves and also gives a sequence of operations that transforms one tree into another. Our experiments on simulated pairs of trees containing up to 100 leaves showed that the two bounds are almost equal for small distances, thereby giving the nearly-precise actual value, and that the upper bound tends to be close to the upper bounds given by other approaches for all pairs of trees. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2011." 120 Yun Yu, Cuong Than, James H. Degnan and Luay Nakhleh. Coalescent Histories on Phylogenetic Networks and Detection of Hybridization Despite Incomplete Lineage Sorting. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 60(2):138-149, 2011.   Keywords: coalescent, hybridization, lineage sorting, reconstruction, statistical model. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/YuEtAl-SB11.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Analyses of the increasingly available genomic data continue to reveal the extent of hybridization and its role in the evolutionary diversification of various groups of species. We show, through extensive coalescent-based simulations of multilocus data sets on phylogenetic networks, how divergence times before and after hybridization events can result in incomplete lineage sorting with gene tree incongruence signatures identical to those exhibited by hybridization. Evolutionary analysis of such data under the assumption of a species tree model can miss all hybridization events, whereas analysis under the assumption of a species network model would grossly overestimate hybridization events. These issues necessitate a paradigm shift in evolutionary analysis under these scenarios, from a model that assumes a priori a single source of gene tree incongruence to one that integrates multiple sources in a unifying framework. We propose a framework of coalescence within the branches of a phylogenetic network and show how this framework can be used to detect hybridization despite incomplete lineage sorting. We apply the model to simulated data and show that the signature of hybridization can be revealed as long as the interval between the divergence times of the species involved in hybridization is not too small. We reanalyze a data set of 106 loci from 7 in-group Saccharomyces species for which a species tree with no hybridization has been reported in the literature. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that hybridization occurred during the evolution of this group, explaining a large amount of the incongruence in the data. Our findings show that an integrative approach to gene tree incongruence and its reconciliation is needed. Our framework will help in systematically analyzing genomic data for the occurrence of hybridization and elucidating its evolutionary role. [Coalescent history; incomplete lineage sorting; hybridization; phylogenetic network.]. © 2011 The Author(s)." 121 Celine Scornavacca, Franziska Zickmann and Daniel H. Huson. Tanglegrams for Rooted Phylogenetic Trees and Networks. In ISMB11, Vol. 27(13):i248-i256 of BIO, 2011.   Keywords: from network, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, tanglegram, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr210.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: In systematic biology, one is often faced with the task of comparing different phylogenetic trees, in particular in multi-gene analysis or cospeciation studies. One approach is to use a tanglegram in which two rooted phylogenetic trees are drawn opposite each other, using auxiliary lines to connect matching taxa. There is an increasing interest in using rooted phylogenetic networks to represent evolutionary history, so as to explicitly represent reticulate events, such as horizontal gene transfer, hybridization or reassortment. Thus, the question arises how to define and compute a tanglegram for such networks. Results: In this article, we present the first formal definition of a tanglegram for rooted phylogenetic networks and present a heuristic approach for computing one, called the NN-tanglegram method. We compare the performance of our method with existing tree tanglegram algorithms and also show a typical application to real biological datasets. For maximum usability, the algorithm does not require that the trees or networks are bifurcating or bicombining, or that they are on identical taxon sets. © The Author(s) 2011. Published by Oxford University Press." 122 Steven Kelk. A note on efficient computation of hybridization number via softwired clusters. 2011.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4642.         123 Paul Phipps. Planar phylogenetic network optimization. PhD thesis, University of Texas at Dallas, U.S.A., 2011.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, phylogenetic network, Program PhippsNetwork, split, split network. Note: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=2337197411&Fmt=7&clientId=176295&RQT=309&VName=PQD.         124 Alix Boc and Vladimir Makarenkov. Towards an accurate identification of mosaic genes and partial horizontal gene transfers. In NAR, Vol. 39(21):e144, 2011.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program T REX, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr735.         Toggle abstract "Many bacteria and viruses adapt to varying environmental conditions through the acquisition of mosaic genes. A mosaic gene is composed of alternating sequence polymorphisms either belonging to the host original allele or derived from the integrated donor DNA. Often, the integrated sequence contains a selectable genetic marker (e.g. marker allowing for antibiotic resistance). An effective identification of mosaic genes and detection of corresponding partial horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) are among the most important challenges posed by evolutionary biology. We developed a method for detecting partial HGT events and related intragenic recombination giving rise to the formation of mosaic genes. A bootstrap procedure incorporated in our method is used to assess the support of each predicted partial gene transfer. The proposed method can be also applied to confirm or discard complete (i.e. traditional) horizontal gene transfers detected by any HGT inferring method. While working on a full-genome scale, the new method can be used to assess the level of mosaicism in the considered genomes as well as the rates of complete and partial HGT underlying their evolution. © 2011 The Author(s)." 125 Changiz Eslahchi and Reza Hassanzadeh. New Algorithm for Constructing Supernetworks from Partial Trees. In MCCMB11, Pages 106-107, 2011.   Keywords: abstract network, from unrooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SNSA, reconstruction, simulated annealing, split network. Note: http://mccmb.belozersky.msu.ru/2011/mccmb11.pdf#page=106.         126 Zhi-Zhong Chen and Lusheng Wang. HybridNET: a tool for constructing hybridization networks. In BIO, Vol. 26(22):2912-2913, 2010.   Keywords: agreement forest, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridNET, software. Note: http://rnc.r.dendai.ac.jp/~chen/papers/note2.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Motivations: When reticulation events occur, the evolutionary history of a set of existing species can be represented by a hybridization network instead of an evolutionary tree. When studying the evolutionary history of a set of existing species, one can obtain a phylogenetic tree of the set of species with high confidence by looking at a segment of sequences or a set of genes. When looking at another segment of sequences, a different phylogenetic tree can be obtained with high confidence too. This indicates that reticulation events may occur. Thus, we have the following problem: given two rooted phylogenetic trees on a set of species that correctly represent the tree-like evolution of different parts of their genomes, what is the hybridization network with the smallest number of reticulation events to explain the evolution of the set of species under consideration? Results: We develop a program, named HybridNet, for constructing a hybridization network with the minimum number of reticulate vertices from two input trees. We first implement the O(3dn)-time algorithm by Whidden et al. for computing a maximum (acyclic) agreement forest. Our program can output all the maximum (acyclic) agreement forests. We then augment the program so that it can construct an optimal hybridization network for each given maximum acyclic agreement forest. To our knowledge, this is the first time that optimal hybridization networks can be rapidly constructed. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 127 Philippe Gambette. Méthodes combinatoires de reconstruction de réseaux phylogénétiques. PhD thesis, Université Montpellier 2, France, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, characterization, circular split system, explicit network, FPT, from clusters, from triplets, integer linear programming, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, pyramid, reconstruction, split network, weak hierarchy. Note: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608342/en/.         128 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Regula Rupp and Daniel H. Huson. Phylogenetic Networks Do not Need to Be Complex: Using Fewer Reticulations to Represent Conflicting Clusters. In ISMB10, Vol. 26(12):i124-i131 of BIO, 2010.   Keywords: from clusters, level k phylogenetic network, Program Dendroscope, Program HybridInterleave, Program HybridNumber, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq202, with proofs: http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.3082.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic trees are widely used to display estimates of how groups of species are evolved. Each phylogenetic tree can be seen as a collection of clusters, subgroups of the species that evolved from a common ancestor. When phylogenetic trees are obtained for several datasets (e.g. for different genes), then their clusters are often contradicting. Consequently, the set of all clusters of such a dataset cannot be combined into a single phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that can be used to display more complex evolutionary histories, including reticulate events, such as hybridizations, recombinations and horizontal gene transfers. Here, we present the new CASS algorithm that can combine any set of clusters into a phylogenetic network. We show that the networks constructed by CASS are usually simpler than networks constructed by other available methods. Moreover, we show that CASS is guaranteed to produce a network with at most two reticulations per biconnected component, whenever such a network exists. We have implemented CASS and integrated it into the freely available Dendroscope software. Contact: l.j.j.v.iersel@gmail.com. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press." 129 Yufeng Wu. Close Lower and Upper Bounds for the Minimum Reticulate Network of Multiple Phylogenetic Trees. In ISMB10, Vol. 26(12):i140-i148 of BIO, 2010.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PIRN, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq198.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: Reticulate network is a model for displaying and quantifying the effects of complex reticulate processes on the evolutionary history of species undergoing reticulate evolution. A central computational problem on reticulate networks is: given a set of phylogenetic trees (each for some region of the genomes), reconstruct the most parsimonious reticulate network (called the minimum reticulate network) that combines the topological information contained in the given trees. This problem is well-known to be NP-hard. Thus, existing approaches for this problem either work with only two input trees or make simplifying topological assumptions. Results: We present novel results on the minimum reticulate network problem. Unlike existing approaches, we address the fully general problem: there is no restriction on the number of trees that are input, and there is no restriction on the form of the allowed reticulate network. We present lower and upper bounds on the minimum number of reticulation events in the minimum reticulate network (and infer an approximately parsimonious reticulate network). A program called PIRN implements these methods, which also outputs a graphical representation of the inferred network. Empirical results on simulated and biological data show that our methods are practical for a wide range of data. More importantly, the lower and upper bounds match for many datasets (especially when the number of trees is small or reticulation level is low), and this allows us to solve the minimum reticulate network problem exactly for these datasets. Availability: A software tool, PIRN, is available for download from the web page: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/ywu. Contact: ywu@engr.uconn.edu. Supplementary information: Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press." 130 Miguel Arenas, Mateus Patricio, David Posada and Gabriel Valiente. Characterization of Phylogenetic Networks with NetTest. In BMCB, Vol. 11:268, 2010.   Keywords: explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, Program NetTest, software, time consistent network, tree child network, tree sibling network, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-268, software available at http://darwin.uvigo.es/software/nettest/.         Toggle abstract "Background: Typical evolutionary events like recombination, hybridization or gene transfer make necessary the use of phylogenetic networks to properly depict the evolution of DNA and protein sequences. Although several theoretical classes have been proposed to characterize these networks, they make stringent assumptions that will likely not be met by the evolutionary process. We have recently shown that the complexity of simulated networks is a function of the population recombination rate, and that at moderate and large recombination rates the resulting networks cannot be categorized. However, we do not know whether these results extend to networks estimated from real data.Results: We introduce a web server for the categorization of explicit phylogenetic networks, including the most relevant theoretical classes developed so far. Using this tool, we analyzed statistical parsimony phylogenetic networks estimated from ~5,000 DNA alignments, obtained from the NCBI PopSet and Polymorphix databases. The level of characterization was correlated to nucleotide diversity, and a high proportion of the networks derived from these data sets could be formally characterized.Conclusions: We have developed a public web server, NetTest (freely available from the software section at http://darwin.uvigo.es), to formally characterize the complexity of phylogenetic networks. Using NetTest we found that most statistical parsimony networks estimated with the program TCS could be assigned to a known network class. The level of network characterization was correlated to nucleotide diversity and dependent upon the intra/interspecific levels, although no significant differences were detected among genes. More research on the properties of phylogenetic networks is clearly needed. © 2010 Arenas et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 131 David A. Morrison. Phylogenetic networks in systematic biology (and elsewhere) In R.M. Mohan editor, Research Advances in Systematic Biology, Global Research Network, Trivandrum, India, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, survey.         132 Sophie Abby, Eric Tannier, Manolo Gouy and Vincent Daubin. Detecting lateral gene transfers by statistical reconciliation of phylogenetic forests. In BMCB, Vol. 11:324, 2010.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, heuristic, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program EEEP, Program PhyloNet, Program Prunier, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/324.         Toggle abstract "Background: To understand the evolutionary role of Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT), accurate methods are needed to identify transferred genes and infer their timing of acquisition. Phylogenetic methods are particularly promising for this purpose, but the reconciliation of a gene tree with a reference (species) tree is computationally hard. In addition, the application of these methods to real data raises the problem of sorting out real and artifactual phylogenetic conflict.Results: We present Prunier, a new method for phylogenetic detection of LGT based on the search for a maximum statistical agreement forest (MSAF) between a gene tree and a reference tree. The program is flexible as it can use any definition of "agreement" among trees. We evaluate the performance of Prunier and two other programs (EEEP and RIATA-HGT) for their ability to detect transferred genes in realistic simulations where gene trees are reconstructed from sequences. Prunier proposes a single scenario that compares to the other methods in terms of sensitivity, but shows higher specificity. We show that LGT scenarios carry a strong signal about the position of the root of the species tree and could be used to identify the direction of evolutionary time on the species tree. We use Prunier on a biological dataset of 23 universal proteins and discuss their suitability for inferring the tree of life.Conclusions: The ability of Prunier to take into account branch support in the process of reconciliation allows a gain in complexity, in comparison to EEEP, and in accuracy in comparison to RIATA-HGT. Prunier's greedy algorithm proposes a single scenario of LGT for a gene family, but its quality always compares to the best solutions provided by the other algorithms. When the root position is uncertain in the species tree, Prunier is able to infer a scenario per root at a limited additional computational cost and can easily run on large datasets.Prunier is implemented in C++, using the Bio++ library and the phylogeny program Treefinder. It is available at: http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/software/prunier. © 2010 Abby et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 133 Binh T. Nguyen. Novel Split-Based Approaches to Computing Phylogenetic Diversity and Planar Split Networks. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, U.K., 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, diversity, from splits, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split, split network, visualization. Note: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/34218.         134 Gabriel Cardona, Francesc Rosselló and Gabriel Valiente. Comparison of tree-child phylogenetic networks. In TCBB, Vol. 6(4):552-569, 2009.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Bio PhyloNetwork, Program PhyloNetwork, tree child network, tree sibling network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3499.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that allow for the representation of nontreelike evolutionary events, like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. While much progress has been made to find practical algorithms for reconstructing a phylogenetic network from a set of sequences, all attempts to endorse a class of phylogenetic networks (strictly extending the class of phylogenetic trees) with a well-founded distance measure have, to the best of our knowledge and with the only exception of the bipartition distance on regular networks, failed so far. In this paper, we present and study a new meaningful class of phylogenetic networks, called tree-child phylogenetic networks, and we provide an injective representation of these networks as multisets of vectors of natural numbers, their path multiplicity vectors. We then use this representation to define a distance on this class that extends the well-known Robinson-Foulds distance for phylogenetic trees and to give an alignment method for pairs of networks in this class. Simple polynomial algorithms for reconstructing a tree-child phylogenetic network from its path multiplicity vectors, for computing the distance between two tree-child phylogenetic networks and for aligning a pair of tree-child phylogenetic networks, are provided. They have been implemented as a Perl package and a Java applet, which can be found at http://bioinfo.uib.es/~recerca/ phylonetworks/mudistance/. © 2009 IEEE." 135 Stefan Grünewald, Vincent Moulton and Andreas Spillner. Consistency of the QNet algorithm for generating planar split networks from weighted quartets. In DAM, Vol. 157(10):2325-2334, 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, consistency, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2008.06.038.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of evolutionary or phylogenetic trees that allow the representation of conflicting signals or alternative evolutionary histories in a single diagram. Recently the Quartet-Net or "QNet" method was introduced, a method for computing a special kind of phylogenetic network called a split network from a collection of weighted quartet trees (i.e. phylogenetic trees with 4 leaves). This can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for constructing outer-labeled planar split networks. In this paper, we prove that QNet is a consistent method, that is, we prove that if QNet is applied to a collection of weighted quartets arising from a circular split weight function, then it will return precisely this function. This key property of QNet not only ensures that it is guaranteed to produce a tree if the input corresponds to a tree, and an outer-labeled planar split network if the input corresponds to such a network, but also provides the main guiding principle for the design of the method. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 136 Stefan Grünewald, Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton, Charles Semple and Andreas Spillner. Characterizing weak compatibility in terms of weighted quartets. In Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 42(3):329-341, 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, characterization, from quartets, split network, weak hierarchy. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/GHMSS08.pdf, slides at http://www.lirmm.fr/miep08/slides/12_02_huber.pdf.         137 Luay Nakhleh, Derek Ruths and Hideki Innan. Gene Trees, Species Trees, and Species Networks. In R. Guerra, D. B. Allison and D. Goldstein editors, Meta-analysis and Combining Information in Genetics and Genomics, 2009.   Keywords: coalescent, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/GuerraGoldsteinBookChapter.pdf.         138 Leo van Iersel. Algorithms, Haplotypes and Phylogenetic Networks. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, 2009.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, exponential algorithm, FPT, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, mu distance, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Level2, Program Marlon, Program Simplistic, Program T REX, reconstruction. Note: http://www.win.tue.nl/~liersel/thesis_vaniersel_viewing.pdf.         139 Martin Lott, Andreas Spillner, Katharina Huber and Vincent Moulton. PADRE: A Package for Analyzing and Displaying Reticulate Evolution. In BIO, Vol. 25(9):1199-1200, 2009.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, reconstruction, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp133.         Toggle abstract "Recent advances in gene sequencing for polyploid species, coupled with standard phylogenetic tree reconstruction, leads to gene trees in which the same species can label several leaves. Such multi-labeled trees are then used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the polyploid species in question. However, this reconstruction process requires new techniques that are not available in current phylogenetic software packages. Here, we describe the software package PADRE (Package for Analyzing and Displaying Reticulate Evolution) that implements such techniques, allowing the reconstruction of complex evolutionary histories for polyploids in the form of phylogenetic networks. © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 140 Martin Lott. New Methods for Constructing Phylogenetic Networks from Multi-Labelled Trees. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, U.K., 2009.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.ic0.net/thesis-martin-final.pdf.         141 Josh Voorkamp né Collins. Rekernelisation Algorithms in Hybrid Phylogenies. Master's thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2009.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, from unrooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, software. Note: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2852.         142 Martin Lott, Andreas Spillner, Katharina Huber, Anna Petri, Bengt Oxelman and Vincent Moulton. Inferring polyploid phylogenies from multiply-labeled gene trees. In BMCEB, Vol. 9:216, 2009.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-216.         Toggle abstract "Background : Gene trees that arise in the context of reconstructing the evolutionary history of polyploid species are often multiply-labeled, that is, the same leaf label can occur several times in a single tree. This property considerably complicates the task of forming a consensus of a collection of such trees compared to usual phylogenetic trees. Results. We present a method for computing a consensus tree of multiply-labeled trees. As with the well-known greedy consensus tree approach for phylogenetic trees, our method first breaks the given collection of gene trees into a set of clusters. It then aims to insert these clusters one at a time into a tree, starting with the clusters that are supported by most of the gene trees. As the problem to decide whether a cluster can be inserted into a multiply-labeled tree is computationally hard, we have developed a heuristic method for solving this problem. Conclusion. We illustrate the applicability of our method using two collections of trees for plants of the genus Silene, that involve several allopolyploids at different levels. © 2009 Lott et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 143 Laura S. Kubatko. Identifying Hybridization Events in the Presence of Coalescence via Model Selection. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 58(5):478-488, 2009.   Keywords: AIC, BIC, branch length, coalescent, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, hybridization, lineage sorting, model selection, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp055.         144 Chen Meng and Laura S. Kubatko. Detecting hybrid speciation in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting using gene tree incongruence: A model. In Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 75(1):35-45, 2009.   Keywords: bayesian, coalescent, from network, from rooted trees, hybridization, likelihood, lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2008.10.004.         Toggle abstract "The application of phylogenetic inference methods, to data for a set of independent genes sampled randomly throughout the genome, often results in substantial incongruence in the single-gene phylogenetic estimates. Among the processes known to produce discord between single-gene phylogenies, two of the best studied in a phylogenetic context are hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. Much recent attention has focused on the development of methods for estimating species phylogenies in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting, but phylogenetic models that allow for hybridization have been more limited. Here we propose a model that allows incongruence in single-gene phylogenies to be due to both hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, with the goal of determining the contribution of hybridization to observed gene tree incongruence in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting. Using our model, we propose methods for estimating the extent of the role of hybridization in both a likelihood and a Bayesian framework. The performance of our methods is examined using both simulated and empirical data. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved." 145 Qiong Wu. Phylogenetic Networks: New Constructions and Applications. PhD thesis, Université of East Anglia, U.K., 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split network. Note: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.514315.         146 Poornima Venugopal. Improving layout of phylogenetic network produced by PADRE. Master's thesis, University of Texas at Dallas, U.S.A., 2009.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, Program PADRE, visualization. Note: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=2026498501&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=176295&RQT=309&VName=PQD.         147 Poornima Venugopal and Sergey Bereg. Layout of Phylogenetic Networks and Multi-Labeled Trees. In BIOT'09, Pages 91, 2009.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, visualization. Note: http://www.biotconf.org/PDFs/1456.pdf.         148 Vincent Moulton and Katharina Huber. Split Networks. A tool for exploring complex evolutionary relationships in molecular data. In Philippe Lemey, Marco Salemi and Anne-Mieke Vandamme editors, The Phylogenetic Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network.         149 Stefan Grünewald, Katharina Huber and Qiong Wu. Two novel closure rules for constructing phylogenetic super-networks. In BMB, Vol. 70(7):1906-1924, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, from splits, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program MY CLOSURE, reconstruction, supernetwork. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0283, slides available at http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2007/plg/plgw01/0904/huber/.         Toggle abstract "A contemporary and fundamental problem faced by many evolutionary biologists is how to puzzle together a collection P of partial trees (leaf-labeled trees whose leaves are bijectively labeled by species or, more generally, taxa, each supported by, e.g., a gene) into an overall parental structure that displays all trees in P. This already difficult problem is complicated by the fact that the trees in P regularly support conflicting phylogenetic relationships and are not on the same but only overlapping taxa sets. A desirable requirement on the sought after parental structure, therefore, is that it can accommodate the observed conflicts. Phylogenetic networks are a popular tool capable of doing precisely this. However, not much is known about how to construct such networks from partial trees, a notable exception being the Z-closure super-network approach, which is based on the Z-closure rule, and the Q-imputation approach. Although attractive approaches, they both suffer from the fact that the generated networks tend to be multidimensional making it necessary to apply some kind of filter to reduce their complexity. To avoid having to resort to a filter, we follow a different line of attack in this paper and develop closure rules for generating circular phylogenetic networks which have the attractive property that they can be represented in the plane. In particular, we introduce the novel Y-(closure) rule and show that this rule on its own or in combination with one of Meacham's closure rules (which we call the M-rule) has some very desirable theoretical properties. In addition, we present a case study based on Rivera et al. "ring of life" to explore the reconstructive power of the M- and Y-rule and also reanalyze an Arabidopsis thaliana data set. © 2008 Society for Mathematical Biology." 150 Andreas Spillner, Binh T. Nguyen and Vincent Moulton. Computing phylogenetic diversity for split systems. In TCBB, Vol. 5(2):235-244, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, diversity, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, split. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCBB.2007.70260, slides available at http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2007/plg/plgw01/0906/spillner/.         Toggle abstract "In conservation biology it is a central problem to measure, predict, and preserve biodiversity as species face extinction. In 1992 Faith proposed measuring the diversity of a collection of species in terms of their relationships on a phylogenetic tree, and to use this information to identify collections of species with high diversity. Here we are interested in some variants of the resulting optimization problem that arise when considering species whose evolution is better represented by a network rather than a tree. More specifically, we consider the problem of computing phylogenetic diversity relative to a split system on a collection of species of size $n$. We show that for general split systems this problem is NP-hard. In addition we provide some efficient algorithms for some special classes of split systems, in particular presenting an optimal $O(n)$ time algorithm for phylogenetic trees and an $O(nlog n + n k)$ time algorithm for choosing an optimal subset of size $k$ relative to a circular split system. © 2006 IEEE." 151 Rune Lyngsø, Yun S. Song and Jotun Hein. Accurate Computation of Likelihoods in the Coalescent with Recombination via Parsimony. In RECOMB08, Vol. 4955:463-477 of LNCS, springer, 2008.   Keywords: coalescent, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, recombination, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78839-3_41.         Toggle abstract "Understanding the variation of recombination rates across a given genome is crucial for disease gene mapping and for detecting signatures of selection, to name just a couple of applications. A widely-used method of estimating recombination rates is the maximum likelihood approach, and the problem of accurately computing likelihoods in the coalescent with recombination has received much attention in the past. A variety of sampling and approximation methods have been proposed, but no single method seems to perform consistently better than the rest, and there still is great value in developing better statistical methods for accurately computing likelihoods. So far, with the exception of some two-locus models, it has remained unknown how the true likelihood exactly behaves as a function of model parameters, or how close estimated likelihoods are to the true likelihood. In this paper, we develop a deterministic, parsimony-based method of accurately computing the likelihood for multi-locus input data of moderate size. We first find the set of all ancestral configurations (ACs) that occur in evolutionary histories with at most k crossover recombinations. Then, we compute the likelihood by summing over all evolutionary histories that can be constructed only using the ACs in that set. We allow for an arbitrary number of crossing over, coalescent and mutation events in a history, as long as the transitions stay within that restricted set of ACs. For given parameter values, by gradually increasing the bound k until the likelihood stabilizes, we can obtain an accurate estimate of the likelihood. At least for moderate crossover rates, the algorithm-based method described here opens up a new window of opportunities for testing and fine-tuning statistical methods for computing likelihoods. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 152 James B. Whitfield, Sydney A. Cameron, Daniel H. Huson and Mike Steel. Filtered Z-Closure Supernetworks for Extracting and Visualizing Recurrent Signal from Incongruent Gene Trees. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 57(6):939-947, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, split, split network, supernetwork. Note: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/scameron/pdfs/Filtered%20Z-closure%20SystBiol.pdf.         153 Cuong Than and Luay Nakhleh. SPR-based Tree Reconciliation: Non-binary Trees and Multiple Solutions. In APBC08, Pages 251-260, 2008.   Keywords: evaluation, from rooted trees, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LatTrans, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, SPR distance. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/apbc08.pdf.         154 Tobias Kloepper. Algorithms for the Calculation and Visualisation of Phylogenetic Networks. PhD thesis, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany, 2008.   Keywords: from rooted trees, from sequences, from unrooted trees, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network, visualization. Note: http://tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/volltexte/2008/3336/.         155 Daniel H. Huson and Regula Rupp. Summarizing Multiple Gene Trees Using Cluster Networks. In WABI08, Vol. 5251:296-305 of LNCS, springer, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, from clusters, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Dendroscope. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87361-7_25, slides from the MIEP Conference available at http://www.lirmm.fr/MIEP08/slides/11_13_rupp.pdf.         Toggle abstract "The result of a multiple gene tree analysis is usually a number of different tree topologies that are each supported by a significant proportion of the genes. We introduce the concept of a cluster network that can be used to combine such trees into a single rooted network, which can be drawn either as a cladogram or phylogram. In contrast to split networks, which can grow exponentially in the size of the input, cluster networks grow only quadratically. A cluster network is easily computed using a modification of the tree-popping algorithm, which we call network-popping. The approach has been implemented as part of the Dendroscope tree-drawing program and its application is illustrated using data and results from three recent studies on large numbers of gene trees. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 156 Lichen Bao and Sergey Bereg. Clustered SplitsNetworks. In COCOA08, Vol. 5165:469-478 of LNCS, springer, 2008.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, NeighborNet, realization, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85097-7_44, slides available at http://www.utdallas.edu/~besp/cocoa08talk.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We address the problem of constructing phylogenetic networks using two criteria: the number of cycles and the fit value of the network. Traditionally the fit value is the main objective for evaluating phylogenetic networks. However, a small number of cycles in a network is desired and pointed out in several publications. We propose a new phylogenetic network called CS-network and a method for constructing it. The method is based on the well-known splitstree method. A CS-network contains a face which is k-cycle, k ≥ 3 (not as splitstree). We discuss difficulties of using non-parallelogram faces in splitstree networks. Our method involves clustering and optimization of weights of the network edges. The algorithm for constructing the underlying graph (except the optimization step) has a polynomial time. Experimental results show a good performance of our algorithm. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008." 157 Cuong Than, Derek Ruths and Luay Nakhleh. PhyloNet: A Software Package for Analyzing and Reconstructing Reticulate Evolutionary Relationships. In BMCB, Vol. 9(322), 2008.   Keywords: Program PhyloNet, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-322.         Toggle abstract "Background: Phylogenies, i.e., the evolutionary histories of groups of taxa, play a major role in representing the interrelationships among biological entities. Many software tools for reconstructing and evaluating such phylogenies have been proposed, almost all of which assume the underlying evolutionary history to be a tree. While trees give a satisfactory first-order approximation for many families of organisms, other families exhibit evolutionary mechanisms that cannot be represented by trees. Processes such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), hybrid speciation, and interspecific recombination, collectively referred to as reticulate evolutionary events, result in networks, rather than trees, of relationships. Various software tools have been recently developed to analyze reticulate evolutionary relationships, which include SplitsTree4, LatTrans, EEEP, HorizStory, and T-REX. Results: In this paper, we report on the PhyloNet software package, which is a suite of tools for analyzing reticulate evolutionary relationships, or evolutionary networks, which are rooted, directed, acyclic graphs, leaf-labeled by a set of taxa. These tools can be classified into four categories: (1) evolutionary network representation: reading/writing evolutionary networks in a newly devised compact form; (2) evolutionary network characterization: analyzing evolutionary networks in terms of three basic building blocks - trees, clusters, and tripartitions; (3) evolutionary network comparison: comparing two evolutionary networks in terms of topological dissimilarities, as well as fitness to sequence evolution under a maximum parsimony criterion; and (4) evolutionary network reconstruction: reconstructing an evolutionary network from a species tree and a set of gene trees. Conclusion: The software package, PhyloNet, offers an array of utilities to allow for efficient and accurate analysis of evolutionary networks. The software package will help significantly in analyzing large data sets, as well as in studying the performance of evolutionary network reconstruction methods. Further, the software package supports the proposed eNewick format for compact representation of evolutionary networks, a feature that allows for efficient interoperability of evolutionary network software tools. Currently, all utilities in PhyloNet are invoked on the command line. © 2008 Than et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 158 Supriya Munshaw and Thomas B. Kepler. An Information-Theoretic Method for the Treatment of Plural Ancestry in Phylogenetics. In MBE, Vol. 25(6):1199-1208, 2008.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, heuristic, phylogenetic network, reconstruction, simulated annealing, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn066.         Toggle abstract "In the presence of recombination and gene conversion, a given genomic segment may inherit information from 2 distinct immediate ancestors. The importance of this type of molecular inheritance has become increasingly clear over the years, and the potential for erroneous inference when it is not accounted for in the statistical model is well documented. Yet, the inclusion of plural ancestry (PA) in phylogenetic analysis is still not routine. This omission is due to the greater difficulty of phylogenetic inference on general acyclic graphs compared that on with trees and the accompanying computational burden. We have developed a technique for phylogenetic inference in the presence of PA based on the principle of minimum description length, which assigns a cost - the description length - to each network topology given the observed sequence data. The description length combines the cost of poor data fit and model complexity in terms of information. This device allows us to search through network topologies to minimize the total description length. By comparing the best models obtained with and without PA, one can determine whether or not recombination has played an active role in the evolution of the genes under investigation, identify those genes that appear to be mosaic, and infer the phylogenetic network that best represents the history of the alignment. We show that the method performs well on simulated data and demonstrate its application on HIV env gene sequence data from 8 human subjects. The software implementation of the method is available upon request. © The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 159 Cuong Than, Guohua Jin and Luay Nakhleh. Integrating Sequence and Topology for Efficient and Accurate Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer. In Proceedings of the Sixth RECOMB Comparative Genomics Satellite Workshop (RECOMB-CG'08), Vol. 5267:113-127 of LNCS, springer, 2008.   Keywords: bootstrap, explicit network, from rooted trees, from sequences, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Nepal, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/recombcg-08.pdf, slides available at http://igm.univ-mlv.fr/RCG08/RCG08slides/Cuong_Than_RCG08.pdf.         160 Magnus Bordewich, Simone Linz, Katherine St. John and Charles Semple. A reduction algorithm for computing the hybridization number of two trees. In EBIO, Vol. 3:86-98, 2007.   Keywords: agreement forest, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridNumber. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BLSS07.pdf.         161 Magnus Bordewich and Charles Semple. Computing the minimum number of hybridization events for a consistent evolutionary history. In DAM, Vol. 155:914-918, 2007.   Keywords: agreement forest, approximation, APX hard, explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, inapproximability, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, SPR distance. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BS06a.pdf.         162 Stefan Grünewald, Kristoffer Forslund, Andreas W. M. Dress and Vincent Moulton. QNet: An agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets. In MBE, Vol. 24(2):532-538, 2007.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/2/532.         Toggle abstract "We present QNet, a method for constructing split networks from weighted quartet trees. QNet can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for network construction. Just as NNet, QNet works by agglomeratively computing a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa set which is subsequently represented by a planar split network. To illustrate the applicability of QNet, we apply it to a previously published Salmonella data set. We conclude that QNet can provide a useful alternative to NNet if distance data are not available or a character-based approach is preferred. Moreover, it can be used as an aid for determining when a quartet-based tree-building method may or may not be appropriate for a given data set. QNet is freely available for download. © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 163 Barbara R. Holland, Glenn Conner, Katharina Huber and Vincent Moulton. Imputing Supertrees and Supernetworks from Quartets. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 56(1):57-67, 2007.   Keywords: abstract network, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Quartet, reconstruction, split network, supernetwork. Note: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.99.3215.         Toggle abstract "Inferring species phylogenies is an important part of understanding molecular evolution. Even so, it is well known that an accurate phylogenetic tree reconstruction for a single gene does not always necessarily correspond to the species phylogeny. One commonly accepted strategy to cope with this problem is to sequence many genes; the way in which to analyze the resulting collection of genes is somewhat more contentious. Supermatrix and supertree methods can be used, although these can suppress conflicts arising from true differences in the gene trees caused by processes such as lineage sorting, horizontal gene transfer, or gene duplication and loss. In 2004, Huson et al. (IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinformatics 1:151-158) presented the Z-closure method that can circumvent this problem by generating a supernetwork as opposed to a supertree. Here we present an alternative way for generating supernetworks called Q-imputation. In particular, we describe a method that uses quartet information to add missing taxa into gene trees. The resulting trees are subsequently used to generate consensus networks, networks that generalize strict and majority-rule consensus trees. Through simulations and application to real data sets, we compare Q-imputation to the matrix representation with parsimony (MRP) supertree method and Z-closure, and demonstrate that it provides a useful complementary tool. Copyright © Society of Systematic Biologists." 164 Katharina Huber, Bengt Oxelman, Martin Lott and Vincent Moulton. Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Polyploids from Multilabeled Trees. In MBE, Vol. 23(9):1784-1791, 2007.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, from trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, reconstruction, software. Note: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/9/1784.         Toggle abstract "In recent studies, phylogenetic networks have been derived from so-called multilabeled trees in order to understand the origins of certain polyploids. Although the trees used in these studies were constructed using sophisticated techniques in phylogenetic analysis, the presented networks were inferred using ad hoc arguments that cannot be easily extended to larger, more complicated examples. In this paper, we present a general method for constructing such networks, which takes as input a multilabeled phylogenetic tree and outputs a phylogenetic network with certain desirable properties. To illustrate the applicability of our method, we discuss its use in reconstructing the evolutionary history of plant allopolyploids. We conclude with a discussion concerning possible future directions. The network construction method has been implemented and is freely available for use from http://www.uea.ac.uk/ ∼a043878/padre.html. © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 165 Daniel H. Huson and Tobias Kloepper. Beyond Galled Trees - Decomposition and Computation of Galled Networks. In RECOMB07, Vol. 4453:211-225 of LNCS, springer, 2007.   Keywords: FPT, from splits, from trees, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71681-5_15, errata..         166 Guohua Jin, Luay Nakhleh, Sagi Snir and Tamir Tuller. A New Linear-time Heuristic Algorithm for Computing the Parsimony Score of Phylogenetic Networks: Theoretical Bounds and Empirical Performance. In ISBRA07, Vol. 4463:61-72 of LNCS, springer, 2007.   Keywords: approximation, heuristic, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Nepal. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/isbra07.pdf.         167 Cam Thach Nguyen, Nguyen Bao Nguyen and Wing-Kin Sung. Fast Algorithms for computing the Tripartition-based Distance between Phylogenetic Networks. In JCO, Vol. 13(3), 2007.   Keywords: distance between networks, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tripartition distance. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10878-006-9025-5.         Toggle abstract "Consider two phylogenetic networks N and N′ of size n. The tripartition-based distance finds the proportion of tripartitions which are not shared by N and N′. This distance is proposed by Moret et al. (2004) and is a generalization of Robinson-Foulds distance, which is orginally used to compare two phylogenetic trees. This paper gives an O(min {kn log n, n log n + hn} -time algorithm to compute this distance, where h is the number of hybrid nodes in N and N′ while k is the maximum number of hybrid nodes among all biconnected components in N and N′. Note that k ≪ h ≪ n in a phylogenetic network. In addition, we propose algorithms for comparing galled-trees, which are an important, biological meaningful special case of phylogenetic network. We give an O(n)-time algorithm for comparing two galled-trees. We also give an O(n + kh)-time algorithm for comparing a galled-tree with another general network, where h and k are the number of hybrid nodes in the latter network and its biggest biconnected component respectively. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007." 168 Charles Semple. Hybridization Networks. In Olivier Gascuel and Mike Steel editors, Reconstructing Evolution, New Mathematical and Computational Advances, Pages 277-314, Oxford University Press, 2007.   Keywords: hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, recombination. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/S06.pdf.         169 David Bryant, Vincent Moulton and Andreas Spillner. Consistency of the Neighbor-Net Algorithm. In AMB, Vol. 2(8), 2007.   Keywords: abstract network, consistency, from distances, NeighborNet. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-7188-2-8.         Toggle abstract "Background: Neighbor-Net is a novel method for phylogenetic analysis that is currently being widely used in areas such as virology, bacteriology, and plant evolution. Given an input distance matrix, Neighbor-Net produces a phylogenetic network, a generalization of an evolutionary or phylogenetic tree which allows the graphical representation of conflicting phylogenetic signals. Results: In general, any network construction method should not depict more conflict than is found in the data, and, when the data is fitted well by a tree, the method should return a network that is close to this tree. In this paper we provide a formal proof that Neighbor-Net satisfies both of these requirements so that, in particular, Neighbor-Net is statistically consistent on circular distances. © 2007 Bryant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 170 Daniel H. Huson, Daniel C. Richter, Christian Rausch, Tobias Dezulian, Markus Franz and Regula Rupp. Dendroscope: An interactive viewer for large phylogenetic trees. In BMCB, Vol. 8:460, 2007.   Keywords: phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, software, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-460, slides available at http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2007/plg/plgw01/0903/huson/, software freely available from http://www.dendroscope.org.         Toggle abstract "Background: Research in evolution requires software for visualizing and editing phylogenetic trees, for increasingly very large datasets, such as arise in expression analysis or metagenomics, for example. It would be desirable to have a program that provides these services in an effcient and user-friendly way, and that can be easily installed and run on all major operating systems. Although a large number of tree visualization tools are freely available, some as a part of more comprehensive analysis packages, all have drawbacks in one or more domains. They either lack some of the standard tree visualization techniques or basic graphics and editing features, or they are restricted to small trees containing only tens of thousands of taxa. Moreover, many programs are diffcult to install or are not available for all common operating systems. Results: We have developed a new program, Dendroscope, for the interactive visualization and navigation of phylogenetic trees. The program provides all standard tree visualizations and is optimized to run interactively on trees containing hundreds of thousands of taxa. The program provides tree editing and graphics export capabilities. To support the inspection of large trees, Dendroscope offers a magnification tool. The software is written in Java 1.4 and installers are provided for Linux/Unix, MacOS X and Windows XP. Conclusion: Dendroscope is a user-friendly program for visualizing and navigating phylogenetic trees, for both small and large datasets. © 2007 Huson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 171 Monique M. Morin. Phylogenetic Networks: Simulation, Characterization, and Reconstruction. PhD thesis, The University of New Mexico, U.S.A., 2007.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, hybridization, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program NetGen, simulation, software. Note: http://www.cs.unm.edu/~morin/morin_phd.pdf.         172 Dan Gusfield, Vikas Bansal, Vineet Bafna and Yun S. Song. A Decomposition Theory for Phylogenetic Networks and Incompatible Characters. In JCB, Vol. 14(10):1247-1272, 2007.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Beagle, Program GalledTree, recombination, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~yss/Pub/decomposition.pdf.         173 Andreas W. M. Dress, Katharina Huber, Jacobus Koolen and Vincent Moulton. An Algorithm for Computing Virtual Cut Points in Finite Metric Spaces. In COCOA07, Vol. 4616:4-10 of LNCS, springer, 2007.   Keywords: from distances. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73556-4_3.         174 Patricia Buendia and Giri Narasimhan. Sliding MinPD: Building evolutionary networks of serial samples via an automated recombination detection approach. In BIO, Vol. 23(22):2993-3000, 2007.   Keywords: from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Sliding MinPD, recombination, recombination detection, serial evolutionary networks, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm413.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: Traditional phylogenetic methods assume tree-like evolutionary models and are likely to perform poorly when provided with sequence data from fast-evolving, recombining viruses. Furthermore, these methods assume that all the sequence data are from contemporaneous taxa, which is not valid for serially-sampled data. A more general approach is proposed here, referred to as the Sliding MinPD method, that reconstructs evolutionary networks for serially-sampled sequences in the presence of recombination. Results: Sliding MinPD combines distance-based phylogenetic methods with automated recombination detection based on the best-known sliding window approaches to reconstruct serial evolutionary networks. Its performance was evaluated through comprehensive simulation studies and was also applied to a set of serially-sampled HIV sequences from a single patient. The resulting network organizations reveal unique patterns of viral evolution and may help explain the emergence of disease-associated mutants and drug-resistant strains with implications for patient prognosis and treatment strategies. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 175 Joanna L. Davies, Frantisek Simancík, Rune Lyngsø, Thomas Mailund and Jotun Hein. On Recombination-Induced Multiple and Simultaneous Coalescent Events. In GEN, Vol. 177:2151-2160, 2007.   Keywords: coalescent, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, recombination, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.071126.         Toggle abstract "Coalescent theory deals with the dynamics of how sampled genetic material has spread through a population from a single ancestor over many generations and is ubiquitous in contemporary molecular population genetics. Inherent in most applications is a continuous-time approximation that is derived under the assumption that sample size is small relative to the actual population size. In effect, this precludes multiple and simultaneous coalescent events that take place in the history of large samples. If sequences do not recombine, the number of sequences ancestral to a large sample is reduced sufficiently after relatively few generations such that use of the continuous-time approximation is justified. However, in tracing the history of large chromosomal segments, a large recombination rate per generation will consistently maintain a large number of ancestors. This can create a major disparity between discrete-time and continuous-time models and we analyze its importance, illustrated with model parameters typical of the human genome. The presence of gene conversion exacerbates the disparity and could seriously undermine applications of coalescent theory to complete genomes. However, we show that multiple and simultaneous coalescent events influence global quantities, such as total number of ancestors, but have negligible effect on local quantities, such as linkage disequilibrium. Reassuringly, most applications of the coalescent model with recombination (including association mapping) focus on local quantities. Copyright © 2007 by the Genetics Society of America." 176 Galina Glazko, Vladimir Makarenkov, Jing Liu and Arcady Mushegian. Evolutionary history of bacteriophages with double-stranded DNA genomes. In Biology Direct, Vol. 2(36), 2007.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program T REX. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-2-36.         Toggle abstract "Background: Reconstruction of evolutionary history of bacteriophages is a difficult problem because of fast sequence drift and lack of omnipresent genes in phage genomes. Moreover, losses and recombinational exchanges of genes are so pervasive in phages that the plausibility of phylogenetic inference in phage kingdom has been questioned. Results: We compiled the profiles of presence and absence of 803 orthologous genes in 158 completely sequenced phages with double-stranded DNA genomes and used these gene content vectors to infer the evolutionary history of phages. There were 18 well-supported clades, mostly corresponding to accepted genera, but in some cases appearing to define new taxonomic groups. Conflicts between this phylogeny and trees constructed from sequence alignments of phage proteins were exploited to infer 294 specific acts of intergenome gene transfer. Conclusion: A notoriously reticulate evolutionary history of fast-evolving phages can be reconstructed in considerable detail by quantitative comparative genomics. © 2007 Glazko et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 177 Cuong Than, Derek Ruths, Hideki Innan and Luay Nakhleh. Confounding Factors in HGT Detection: Statistical Error, Coalescent Effects, and Multiple Solutions. In JCB, Vol. 14(4):517-535, 2007.   Keywords: enumeration, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LatTrans, Program PhyloNet. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/recombcg06-jcb.pdf.         178 Nicolas Galtier. A model of horizontal gene transfer and the bacterial phylogeny problem. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 56(4):633-642, 2007.   Keywords: explicit network, generation, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HGT_simul, software, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150701546231.         Toggle abstract "How much horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between species influences bacterial phylogenomics is a controversial issue. This debate, however, lacks any quantitative assessment of the impact of HGT on phylogenies and of the ability of tree-building methods to cope with such events. I introduce a Markov model of genome evolution with HGT, accounting for the constraints on time-an HGT event can only occur between concomitantly living species. This model is used to simulate multigene sequence data sets with or without HGT. The consequences of HGT on phylogenomic inference are analyzed and compared to other well-known phylogenetic artefacts. It is found that supertree methods are quite robust to HGT, keeping high levels of performance even when gene trees are largely incongruent with each other. Gene tree incongruence per se is not indicative of HGT. HGT, however, removes the (otherwise observed) positive relationship between sequence length and gene tree congruence to the estimated species tree. Surprisingly, when applied to a bacterial and a eukaryotic multigene data set, this criterion rejects the HGT hypothesis for the former, but not the latter data set. Copyright © Society of Systematic Biologists." 179 Vincent Moulton and Katharina Huber. Phylogenetic networks from multi-labelled trees. In JOMB, Vol. 52(5):613-632, 2006.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PADRE, reconstruction. Note: http://www.uea.ac.uk/~a043878/jmb.pdf.         Toggle abstract "It is now quite well accepted that the evolutionary past of certain species is better represented by phylogenetic networks as opposed to trees. For example, polyploids are typically thought to have resulted through hybridization and duplication, processes that are probably not best represented as bifurcating speciation events. Based on the knowledge of a multi-labelled tree relating collection of polyploids, we present a canonical construction of a phylogenetic network that exhibits the tree. In addition, we prove that the resulting network is in some well-defined sense a minimal network having this property. © Springer-Verlag 2006." 180 Jesper Jansson and Wing-Kin Sung. Inferring a level-1 phylogenetic network from a dense set of rooted triplets. In TCS, Vol. 363(1):60-68, 2006. 1 comment   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/ipnrt8_TCS2006.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We consider the following problem: Given a set T of rooted triplets with leaf set L, determine whether there exists a phylogenetic network consistent with T, and if so, construct one. We show that if no restrictions are placed on the hybrid nodes in the solution, the problem is trivially solved in polynomial time by a simple sorting network-based construction. For the more interesting (and biologically more motivated) case where the solution is required to be a level-1 phylogenetic network, we present an algorithm solving the problem in O (| T |2) time when T is dense, i.e., when T contains at least one rooted triplet for each cardinality three subset of L. We also give an O (| T |5 / 3)-time algorithm for finding the set of all phylogenetic networks having a single hybrid node attached to exactly one leaf (and having no other hybrid nodes) that are consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 181 Monique M. Morin and Bernard M. E. Moret. NetGen: generating phylogenetic networks with diploid hybrids. In BIO, Vol. 22(15):1921-1923, 2006.   Keywords: generation, hybridization, Program NetGen, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl191.         Toggle abstract "Summary: NetGen is an event-driven simulator that creates phylogenetic networks by extending the birth-death model to include diploid hybridizations. DNA sequences are evolved in conjunction with the topology, enabling hybridization decisions to be based on contemporary evolutionary distances. NetGen supports variable rate lineages, root sequence specification, outgroup generation and many other options. This note describes the NetGen application and proposes an extension of the Newick format to accommodate phylogenetic networks. © 2006 Oxford University Press." 182 Cuong Than, Derek Ruths, Hideki Innan and Luay Nakhleh. Identifiability Issues in Phylogeny-Based Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer. In Proceedings of the Fourth RECOMB Comparative Genomics Satellite Workshop (RECOMB-CG'06), Vol. 4205:215-229 of LNCS, springer, 2006. 1 comment   Keywords: enumeration, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LatTrans, Program PhyloNet. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/recombcg06-final.pdf.         183 Robert G. Beiko and Nicholas Hamilton. Phylogenetic identification of lateral genetic transfer events. In BMCEB, Vol. 6(15), 2006.   Keywords: evaluation, from rooted trees, from unrooted trees, lateral gene transfer, Program EEEP, Program HorizStory, Program LatTrans, reconstruction, software, SPR distance. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-6-15.         Toggle abstract "Background: Lateral genetic transfer can lead to disagreements among phylogenetic trees comprising sequences from the same set of taxa. Where topological discordance is thought to have arisen through genetic transfer events, tree comparisons can be used to identify the lineages that may have shared genetic information. An 'edit path' of one or more transfer events can be represented with a series of subtree prune and regraft (SPR) operations, but finding the optimal such set of operations is NP-hard for comparisons between rooted trees, and may be so for unrooted trees as well. Results: Efficient Evaluation of Edit Paths (EEEP) is a new tree comparison algorithm that uses evolutionarily reasonable constraints to identify and eliminate many unproductive search avenues, reducing the time required to solve many edit path problems. The performance of EEEP compares favourably to that of other algorithms when applied to strictly bifurcating trees with specified numbers of SPR operations. We also used EEEP to recover edit paths from over 19 000 unrooted, incompletely resolved protein trees containing up to 144 taxa as part of a large phylogenomic study. While inferred protein trees were far more similar to a reference supertree than random trees were to each other, the phylogenetic distance spanned by random versus inferred transfer events was similar, suggesting that real transfer events occur most frequently between closely related organisms, but can span large phylogenetic distances as well. While most of the protein trees examined here were very similar to the reference supertree, requiring zero or one edit operations for reconciliation, some trees implied up to 40 transfer events within a single orthologous set of proteins. Conclusion: Since sequence trees typically have no implied root and may contain unresolved or multifurcating nodes, the strategy implemented in EEEP is the most appropriate for phylogenomic analyses. The high degree of consistency among inferred protein trees shows that vertical inheritance is the dominant pattern of evolution, at least for the set of organisms considered here. However, the edit paths inferred using EEEP suggest an important role for genetic transfer in the evolution of microbial genomes as well. © 2006Beiko and Hamilton; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 184 Patricia Buendia and Giri Narasimhan. Serial NetEvolve: A flexible utility for generating serially-sampled sequences along a tree or recombinant network. In BIO, Vol. 18(22):2313-2314, 2006.   Keywords: generation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Serial NetEvolve, Program Treevolve, recombination, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl387.         Toggle abstract "Summary: Serial NetEvolve is a flexible simulation program that generates DNA sequences evolved along a tree or recombinant network. It offers a user-friendly Windows graphical interface and a Windows or Linux simulator with a diverse selection of parameters to control the evolutionary model. Serial NetEvolve is a modification of the Treevolve program with the following additional features: simulation of serially-sampled data, the choice of either a clock-like or a variable rate model of sequence evolution, sampling from the internal nodes and the output of the randomly generated tree or network in our newly proposed NeTwick format. © 2006 Oxford University Press." 185 Guillaume Bourque and Louxin Zhang. Models and Methods in Comparative Genomics. In Chau-Wen Tseng editor, Advances in Computers, Special Volume: Computational Biology, Vol. 68, Elsevier, 2006.   Keywords: from distances, from rooted trees, from sequences, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, survey. Note: http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~matzlx/papers/CompGen_ZLX.pdf.         186 Charles Choy, Jesper Jansson, Kunihiko Sadakane and Wing-Kin Sung. Computing the maximum agreement of phylogenetic networks. In TCS, Vol. 335(1):93-107, 2005.   Keywords: dynamic programming, FPT, level k phylogenetic network, MASN, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/masn8_TCS2005.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We introduce the maximum agreement phylogenetic subnetwork problem (MASN) for finding branching structure shared by a set of phylogenetic networks. We prove that the problem is NP-hard even if restricted to three phylogenetic networks and give an O(n2)-time algorithm for the special case of two level-1 phylogenetic networks, where n is the number of leaves in the input networks and where N is called a level-f phylogenetic network if every biconnected component in the underlying undirected graph induces a subgraph of N containing at most f nodes with indegree 2. We also show how to extend our technique to yield a polynomial-time algorithm for any two level-f phylogenetic networks N1,N2 satisfying f=O(logn); more precisely, its running time is O(|V(N1)|·|V(N2)|·2f1+f2), where V(Ni) and fi denote the set of nodes in Ni and the level of Ni, respectively, for i∈{1,2}. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 187 Daniel H. Huson and Tobias Kloepper. Computing recombination networks from binary sequences. In ECCB05, Vol. 21(suppl. 2):ii159-ii165 of BIO, 2005.   Keywords: from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, recombination. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti1126.         Toggle abstract "Motivation:Phylogenetic networks are becoming an important tool in molecular evolution, as the evolutionary role of reticulate events, such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer and recombination, is becoming more evident, and as the available data is dramatically increasing in quantity and quality. Results: This paper addresses the problem of computing a most parsimonious recombination network for an alignment of binary sequences that are assumed to have arisen under the 'infinite sites' model of evolution with recombinations. Using the concept of a splits network as the underlying datastructure, this paper shows how a recent method designed for the computation of hybridization networks can be extended to also compute recombination networks. A robust implementation of the approach is provided and is illustrated using a number of real biological datasets. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 188 Martyn Kennedy, Barbara R. Holland, Russel D. Gray and Hamish G. Spencer. Untangling Long Branches: Identifying Conflicting Phylogenetic Signals Using Spectral Analysis, Neighbor-Net, and Consensus Networks. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 54(4):620-633, 2005.   Keywords: abstract network, consensus, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://awcmee.massey.ac.nz/people/bholland/pdf/Kennedy_etal_2005.pdf.         189 Rune Lyngsø, Yun S. Song and Jotun Hein. Minimum Recombination Histories by Branch and Bound. In WABI05, Vol. 3692:239-250 of LNCS, springer, 2005.   Keywords: ARG, branch and bound, from sequences, minimum number, Program Beagle, recombination, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~yssong/Pub/WABI05-239.pdf.         190 Cam Thach Nguyen, Nguyen Bao Nguyen and Wing-Kin Sung. Fast Algorithms for computing the Tripartition-based Distance between Phylogenetic Networks. In ISAAC05, Pages 402-411, 2005.   Keywords: distance between networks, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tripartition distance. Note: http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/ncthach/Papers/ISAAC2006.pdf.         191 Luay Nakhleh, Derek Ruths and Li-San Wang. RIATA-HGT: A Fast and Accurate Heuristic for Reconstructing Horizontal Gene Transfer. In COCOON05, Vol. 3595:84-93 of LNCS, springer, 2005.   Keywords: from rooted trees, heuristic, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/COCOON05.pdf.         192 Luay Nakhleh, Tandy Warnow, C. Randal Linder and Katherine St. John. Reconstructing reticulate evolution in species - theory and practice. In JCB, Vol. 12(6):796-811, 2005.   Keywords: from rooted trees, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SPNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/NWLSjcb.pdf.         193 Dave MacLeod, Robert L. Charlebois, W. Ford Doolittle and Eric Bapteste. Deduction of probable events of lateral gene transfer through comparison of phylogenetic trees by recursive consolidation and rearrangement. In BMCEB, Vol. 5(27), 2005.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HorizStory, reconstruction, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-5-27.         Toggle abstract "Background: When organismal phylogenies based on sequences of single marker genes are poorly resolved, a logical approach is to add more markers, on the assumption that weak but congruent phylogenetic signal will be reinforced in such multigene trees. Such approaches are valid only when the several markers indeed have identical phylogenies, an issue which many multigene methods (such as the use of concatenated gene sequences or the assembly of supertrees) do not directly address. Indeed, even when the true history is a mixture of vertical descent for some genes and lateral gene transfer (LGT) for others, such methods produce unique topologies. Results: We have developed software that aims to extract evidence for vertical and lateral inheritance from a set of gene trees compared against an arbitrary reference tree. This evidence is then displayed as a synthesis showing support over the tree for vertical inheritance, overlaid with explicit lateral gene transfer (LGT) events inferred to have occurred over the history of the tree. Like splits-tree methods, one can thus identify nodes at which conflict occurs. Additionally one can make reasonable inferences about vertical and lateral signal, assigning putative donors and recipients. Conclusion: A tool such as ours can serve to explore the reticulated dimensionality of molecular evolution, by dissecting vertical and lateral inheritance at high resolution. By this, we mean that individual nodes can be examined not only for congruence, but also for coherence in light of LGT. We assert that our tools will facilitate the comparison of phylogenetic trees, and the interpretation of conflicting data. © 2005 MacLeod et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 194