Who is Who in Phylogenetic Networks

Search results for ' Theory and Practice of Logic Programming ' :

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1 Esra Erdem, Vladimir Lifschitz and Don Ringe. Temporal phylogenetic networks and logic programming. In Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, Vol. 6:539-558, 2006.   Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0508129v1.

2 Kuang-Yu Chang, Yun Cui, Siu-Ming Yiu and Wing-Kai Hon. Reconstructing One-Articulated Networks with Distance Matrices. In JCB, Vol. 25(3):253-269, 2018.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, k-reticulated, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         3 Kuang-Yu Chang, Wing-Kai Hon and Sharma V. Thankachan. Compact Encoding for Galled-Trees and its Applications. In 2018 Data Compression Conference, Pages 297-306, 2018.   Keywords: compression, counting, explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, polynomial.         4 Sha Zhu and James H. Degnan. Displayed Trees Do Not Determine Distinguishability Under the Network Multispecies Coalescent. In SB, Vol. 66(2):283-298, 2017.   Keywords: branch length, coalescent, explicit network, from network, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-coal, Program Hybrid-Lambda, Program PhyloNet, software, uniqueness. Note: presentation available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLYGTfEZG7g.         5 Luay Nakhleh. Phylogenetic Networks: From Displayed Trees to a Distribution of Gene Trees. Phyloseminar #70, 2017.   Keywords: bayesian, coalescent, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, statistical model. Note: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkQsvLUUDcQ.         6 Kuang-Yu Chang, Yun Cui, Siu-Ming Yiu and Wing-Kai Hon. Reconstructing One-Articulated Networks with Distance Matrices. In ISBRA17, Vol. 10330:34-45 of LNCS, Springer, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, k-reticulated, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-59575-7.pdf#page=100.         7 Mareike Fischer, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. On Computing The Maximum Parsimony Score Of A Phylogenetic Network. In SIDMA, Vol. 29(1):559-585, 2015.   Keywords: APX hard, cluster containment, explicit network, FPT, from network, from sequences, integer linear programming, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program MPNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.2430.         8 Dan Gusfield. Persistent Phylogeny: A Galled-Tree and Integer Linear Programming Approach. In BCB15, Pages 443-451, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from binary characters, galled tree, integer linear programming, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.00678.         9 Jittat Fakcharoenphol, Tanee Kumpijit and Attakorn Putwattana. A Faster Algorithm for the Tree Containment Problem for Binary Nearly Stable Phylogenetic Networks. In Proceedings of the The 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE'15), Pages 337-342, IEEE, 2015.   Keywords: dynamic programming, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, nearly-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment.         10 Anthony Labarre and Sicco Verwer. Merging partially labelled trees: hardness and a declarative programming solution. In TCBB, Vol. 11(2):389-397, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from unrooted trees, heuristic, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: https://hal-upec-upem.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855669.         Toggle abstract "Intraspecific studies often make use of haplotype networks instead of gene genealogies to represent the evolution of a set of genes. Cassens et al. proposed one such network reconstruction method, based on the global maximum parsimony principle, which was later recast by the first author of the present work as the problem of finding a minimum common supergraph of a set of t partially labelled trees. Although algorithms have been proposed for solving that problem on two graphs, the complexity of the general problem on trees remains unknown. In this paper, we show that the corresponding decision problem is NP-complete for t=3. We then propose a declarative programming approach to solving the problem to optimality in practice, as well as a heuristic approach, both based on the idpsystem, and assess the performance of both methods on randomly generated data. © 2004-2012 IEEE." 11 Lavanya Kannan and Ward C Wheeler. Exactly Computing the Parsimony Scores on Phylogenetic Networks Using Dynamic Programming. In JCB, Vol. 21(4):303-319, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, exponential algorithm, from network, from sequences, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Scoring a given phylogenetic network is the first step that is required in searching for the best evolutionary framework for a given dataset. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, we can score phylogenetic networks based on the minimum number of state changes across a subset of edges of the network for each character that are required for a given set of characters to realize the input states at the leaves of the networks. Two such subsets of edges of networks are interesting in light of studying evolutionary histories of datasets: (i) the set of all edges of the network, and (ii) the set of all edges of a spanning tree that minimizes the score. The problems of finding the parsimony scores under these two criteria define slightly different mathematical problems that are both NP-hard. In this article, we show that both problems, with scores generalized to adding substitution costs between states on the endpoints of the edges, can be solved exactly using dynamic programming. We show that our algorithms require O(mpk) storage at each vertex (per character), where k is the number of states the character can take, p is the number of reticulate vertices in the network, m = k for the problem with edge set (i), and m = 2 for the problem with edge set (ii). This establishes an O(nmpk2) algorithm for both the problems (n is the number of leaves in the network), which are extensions of Sankoff's algorithm for finding the parsimony scores for phylogenetic trees. We will discuss improvements in the complexities and show that for phylogenetic networks whose underlying undirected graphs have disjoint cycles, the storage at each vertex can be reduced to O(mk), thus making the algorithm polynomial for this class of networks. We will present some properties of the two approaches and guidance on choosing between the criteria, as well as traverse through the network space using either of the definitions. We show that our methodology provides an effective means to study a wide variety of datasets. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014." 12 Julia Matsieva. A Static Formulation of the History Bound Problem. Master's thesis, UC Davis, 2014.   Keywords: bound, dynamic programming, explicit network, from binary characters, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial. Note: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3741t064.         13 Leo van Iersel, Celine Scornavacca and Steven Kelk. Exact reconciliation of undated trees. 2014.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, integer linear programming, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program ILPEACE, reconstruction. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.7004.         14 Jeremy G. Sumner, Barbara R. Holland and Peter D. Jarvis. The algebra of the general Markov model on phylogenetic trees and networks. In BMB, Vol. 74(4):858-880, 2012.   Keywords: abstract network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, split, split network, statistical model. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5165.         Toggle abstract "It is known that the Kimura 3ST model of sequence evolution on phylogenetic trees can be extended quite naturally to arbitrary split systems. However, this extension relies heavily on mathematical peculiarities of the associated Hadamard transformation, and providing an analogous augmentation of the general Markov model has thus far been elusive. In this paper, we rectify this shortcoming by showing how to extend the general Markov model on trees to include incompatible edges; and even further to more general network models. This is achieved by exploring the algebra of the generators of the continuous-time Markov chain together with the "splitting" operator that generates the branching process on phylogenetic trees. For simplicity, we proceed by discussing the two state case and then show that our results are easily extended to more states with little complication. Intriguingly, upon restriction of the two state general Markov model to the parameter space of the binary symmetric model, our extension is indistinguishable from the Hadamard approach only on trees; as soon as any incompatible splits are introduced the two approaches give rise to differing probability distributions with disparate structure. Through exploration of a simple example, we give an argument that our extension to more general networks has desirable properties that the previous approaches do not share. In particular, our construction allows for convergent evolution of previously divergent lineages; a property that is of significant interest for biological applications. © 2011 Society for Mathematical Biology." 15 Lavanya Kannan and Ward C Wheeler. Maximum Parsimony on Phylogenetic Networks. In ALMOB, Vol. 7:9, 2012.   Keywords: dynamic programming, explicit network, from sequences, heuristic, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-7188-7-9.         Toggle abstract "Background: Phylogenetic networks are generalizations of phylogenetic trees, that are used to model evolutionary events in various contexts. Several different methods and criteria have been introduced for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Maximum Parsimony is a character-based approach that infers a phylogenetic tree by minimizing the total number of evolutionary steps required to explain a given set of data assigned on the leaves. Exact solutions for optimizing parsimony scores on phylogenetic trees have been introduced in the past.Results: In this paper, we define the parsimony score on networks as the sum of the substitution costs along all the edges of the network; and show that certain well-known algorithms that calculate the optimum parsimony score on trees, such as Sankoff and Fitch algorithms extend naturally for networks, barring conflicting assignments at the reticulate vertices. We provide heuristics for finding the optimum parsimony scores on networks. Our algorithms can be applied for any cost matrix that may contain unequal substitution costs of transforming between different characters along different edges of the network. We analyzed this for experimental data on 10 leaves or fewer with at most 2 reticulations and found that for almost all networks, the bounds returned by the heuristics matched with the exhaustively determined optimum parsimony scores.Conclusion: The parsimony score we define here does not directly reflect the cost of the best tree in the network that displays the evolution of the character. However, when searching for the most parsimonious network that describes a collection of characters, it becomes necessary to add additional cost considerations to prefer simpler structures, such as trees over networks. The parsimony score on a network that we describe here takes into account the substitution costs along the additional edges incident on each reticulate vertex, in addition to the substitution costs along the other edges which are common to all the branching patterns introduced by the reticulate vertices. Thus the score contains an in-built cost for the number of reticulate vertices in the network, and would provide a criterion that is comparable among all networks. Although the problem of finding the parsimony score on the network is believed to be computationally hard to solve, heuristics such as the ones described here would be beneficial in our efforts to find a most parsimonious network. © 2012 Kannan and Wheeler; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 16 Jean-Philippe Doyon, Celine Scornavacca, Konstantin Yu Gorbunov, Gergely J. Szöllösi, Vincent Ranwez and Vincent Berry. An efficient algorithm for gene/species trees parsimonious reconciliation with losses, duplications, and transfers. In Proceedings of the Eighth RECOMB Comparative Genomics Satellite Workshop (RECOMB-CG'10), Vol. 6398:93-108 of LNCS, springer, 2011.   Keywords: branch length, duplication, dynamic programming, explicit network, from multilabeled tree, from species tree, from unrooted trees, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Mowgli, reconstruction. Note: http://www.lirmm.fr/~vberry/Publis/MPR-DoyonEtAl.pdf, software available at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/MPR/.         Toggle abstract "Tree reconciliation methods aim at estimating the evolutionary events that cause discrepancy between gene trees and species trees. We provide a discrete computational model that considers duplications, transfers and losses of genes. The model yields a fast and exact algorithm to infer time consistent and most parsimonious reconciliations. Then we study the conditions under which parsimony is able to accurately infer such events. Overall, it performs well even under realistic rates, transfers being in general less accurately recovered than duplications. An implementation is freely available at http://www.atgc- montpellier.fr/MPR. © 2010 Springer-Verlag." 17 Louxin Zhang, Yen Kaow Ng, Taoyang Wu and Yu Zheng. Network model and efficient method for detecting relative duplications or horizontal gene transfers. In ICCABS11, Pages 214-219, 2011.   Keywords: dynamic programming, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Background: Horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication are two significant forces behind genome evolution. As more and more well-supported examples of HGTs are being revealed, there is a growing awareness that HGT is more widespread than previously thought, occurring often not only within bacteria, but also between species remotely related such as bacteria and plants or plants and animals. Although a substantial number of genomic sequences are known, HGT inference remains challenging. Parsimony-based inferences of HGT events are typically NP-hard under the framework of gene tree and species tree comparison; it is even more timeconsuming if the maximum likelihood approach is used. The fact that gene tree and species tree incongruence can be further confounded by gene duplication and gene loss events motivates us to incorporate considerations for these events into our inference of HGT events. Similarly, it will be beneficial if known HGT events are considered in the inference of gene duplications and gene losses. © 2011 IEEE." 18 Philippe Gambette. Méthodes combinatoires de reconstruction de réseaux phylogénétiques. PhD thesis, Université Montpellier 2, France, 2010.   Keywords: abstract network, characterization, circular split system, explicit network, FPT, from clusters, from triplets, integer linear programming, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, pyramid, reconstruction, split network, weak hierarchy. Note: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608342/en/.         19 Yufeng Wu and Jiayin Wang. Fast Computation of the Exact Hybridization Number of Two Phylogenetic Trees. In ISBRA10, Vol. 6053:203-214 of LNCS, springer, 2010.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, integer linear programming, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridNumber, Program SPRDist, SPR distance. Note: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu/Papers/ISBRA10WuWang.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Hybridization is a reticulate evolutionary process. An established problem on hybridization is computing the minimum number of hybridization events, called the hybridization number, needed in the evolutionary history of two phylogenetic trees. This problem is known to be NP-hard. In this paper, we present a new practical method to compute the exact hybridization number. Our approach is based on an integer linear programming formulation. Simulation results on biological and simulated datasets show that our method (as implemented in program SPRDist) is more efficient and robust than an existing method. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 20 Chris Whidden, Robert G. Beiko and Norbert Zeh. Fast FPT Algorithms for Computing Rooted Agreement Forests: Theory and Experiments. In Proceedings of the ninth International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA'10), Vol. 6049:141-153 of LNCS, springer, 2010.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, SPR distance. Note: https://www.cs.dal.ca/sites/default/files/technical_reports/CS-2010-03.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We improve on earlier FPT algorithms for computing a rooted maximum agreement forest (MAF) or a maximum acyclic agreement forest (MAAF) of a pair of phylogenetic trees. Their sizes give the subtree-prune-and-regraft (SPR) distance and the hybridization number of the trees, respectively. We introduce new branching rules that reduce the running time of the algorithms from O(3 kn) and O(3 kn log n) to O(2.42 kn) and O(2.42 kn log n), respectively. In practice, the speed up may be much more than predicted by the worst-case analysis.We confirm this intuition experimentally by computing MAFs for simulated trees and trees inferred from protein sequence data. We show that our algorithm is orders of magnitude faster and can handle much larger trees and SPR distances than the best previous methods, treeSAT and sprdist. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010." 21 Luay Nakhleh, Derek Ruths and Hideki Innan. Gene Trees, Species Trees, and Species Networks. In R. Guerra, D. B. Allison and D. Goldstein editors, Meta-analysis and Combining Information in Genetics and Genomics, 2009.   Keywords: coalescent, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/GuerraGoldsteinBookChapter.pdf.         22 Philippe Gambette, Vincent Berry and Christophe Paul. The structure of level-k phylogenetic networks. In CPM09, Vol. 5577:289-300 of LNCS, springer, 2009.   Keywords: coalescent, explicit network, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, Program Recodon. Note: http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00371485/en/.         Toggle abstract "Evolution is usually described as a phylogenetic tree, but due to some exchange of genetic material, it can be represented as a phylogenetic network which has an underlying tree structure. The notion of level was recently introduced as a parameter on realistic kinds of phylogenetic networks to express their complexity and tree-likeness. We study the structure of level-k networks, and how they can be decomposed into level-k generators. We also provide a polynomial time algorithm which takes as input the set of level-k generators and builds the set of level-(k + 1) generators. Finally, with a simulation study, we evaluate the proportion of level-k phylogenetic networks among networks generated according to the coalescent model with recombination. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg." 23 Laura S. Kubatko. Identifying Hybridization Events in the Presence of Coalescence via Model Selection. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 58(5):478-488, 2009.   Keywords: AIC, BIC, branch length, coalescent, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, hybridization, lineage sorting, model selection, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp055.         24 Bui Quang Minh, Fabio Pardi, Steffen Klaere and Arndt von Haeseler. Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Circular Split Systems. In TCBB, Vol. 6(1):22-29, 2009.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, dynamic programming, from network, phylogenetic network, polynomial, split, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCBB.2008.54.         Toggle abstract "In the last 15 years, Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) has gained interest in the community of conservation biologists as a surrogate measure for assessing biodiversity. We have recently proposed two approaches to select taxa for maximizing PD, namely PD with budget constraints and PD on split systems. In this paper, we will unify these two strategies and present a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the unified framework of selecting taxa with maximal PD under budget constraints on circular split systems. An improved algorithm will also be given if the underlying split system is a tree. © 2006 IEEE." 25 Miguel Arenas, Gabriel Valiente and David Posada. Characterization of reticulate networks based on the coalescent with recombination. In MBE, Vol. 25(12):2517-2520, 2008.   Keywords: coalescent, evaluation, explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Recodon, regular network, simulation, tree sibling network, tree-child network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn219.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks aim to represent the evolutionary history of taxa. Within these, reticulate networks are explicitly able to accommodate evolutionary events like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. Although several metrics exist to compare phylogenetic networks, they make several assumptions regarding the nature of the networks that are not likely to be fulfilled by the evolutionary process. In order to characterize the potential disagreement between the algorithms and the biology, we have used the coalescent with recombination to build the type of networks produced by reticulate evolution and classified them as regular, tree sibling, tree child, or galled trees. We show that, as expected, the complexity of these reticulate networks is a function of the population recombination rate. At small recombination rates, most of the networks produced are already more complex than regular or tree sibling networks, whereas with moderate and large recombination rates, no network fit into any of the standard classes. We conclude that new metrics still need to be devised in order to properly compare two phylogenetic networks that have arisen from reticulating evolutionary process. © 2008 The Authors." 26 Dan Gusfield, Vikas Bansal, Vineet Bafna and Yun S. Song. A Decomposition Theory for Phylogenetic Networks and Incompatible Characters. In JCB, Vol. 14(10):1247-1272, 2007.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Beagle, Program GalledTree, recombination, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~yss/Pub/decomposition.pdf.         27 Jesper Jansson and Wing-Kin Sung. Inferring a level-1 phylogenetic network from a dense set of rooted triplets. In TCS, Vol. 363(1):60-68, 2006. 1 comment   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/ipnrt8_TCS2006.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We consider the following problem: Given a set T of rooted triplets with leaf set L, determine whether there exists a phylogenetic network consistent with T, and if so, construct one. We show that if no restrictions are placed on the hybrid nodes in the solution, the problem is trivially solved in polynomial time by a simple sorting network-based construction. For the more interesting (and biologically more motivated) case where the solution is required to be a level-1 phylogenetic network, we present an algorithm solving the problem in O (| T |2) time when T is dense, i.e., when T contains at least one rooted triplet for each cardinality three subset of L. We also give an O (| T |5 / 3)-time algorithm for finding the set of all phylogenetic networks having a single hybrid node attached to exactly one leaf (and having no other hybrid nodes) that are consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 28 Dan Gusfield and Vikas Bansal. A Fundamental Decomposition Theory for Phylogenetic Networks and Incompatible Characters. In RECOMB05, Vol. 3500:217-232 of LNCS, springer, 2005.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, recombination, reconstruction. Note: http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~gusfield/gusfieldrecomb.pdf.         29 Luay Nakhleh, Tandy Warnow, C. Randal Linder and Katherine St. John. Reconstructing reticulate evolution in species - theory and practice. In JCB, Vol. 12(6):796-811, 2005.   Keywords: from rooted trees, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SPNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/NWLSjcb.pdf.         30 Yun S. Song, Yufeng Wu and Dan Gusfield. Efficient computation of close lower and upper bounds on the minimum number of recombinations in biological sequence evolution. In ISMB05, Vol. 21:i413-i422 of BIO, 2005.   Keywords: integer linear programming, minimum number, Program HapBound, Program SHRUB, recombination. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti1033.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: We are interested in studying the evolution of DNA single nucleotide polymorphism sequences which have undergone (meiotic) recombination. For a given set of sequences, computing the minimum number of recombinations needed to explain the sequences (with one mutation per site) is a standard question of interest, but it has been shown to be NP-hard, and previous algorithms that compute it exactly work either only on very small datasets or on problems with special structure. Results: In this paper, we present efficient, practical methods for computing both upper and lower bounds on the minimum number of needed recombinations, and for constructing evolutionary histories that explain the input sequences. We study in detail the efficiency and accuracy of these algorithms on both simulated and real data sets. The algorithms produce very close upper and lower bounds, which match exactly in a surprisingly wide range of data. Thus, with the use of new, very effective lower bounding methods and an efficient algorithm for computing upper bounds, this approach allows the efficient, exact computation of the minimum number of needed recombinations, with high frequency in a large range of data. When upper and lower bounds match, evolutionary histories found by our algorithm correspond to the most parsimonious histories. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved." 31 Charles Choy, Jesper Jansson, Kunihiko Sadakane and Wing-Kin Sung. Computing the maximum agreement of phylogenetic networks. In Proceedings of Computing: the Tenth Australasian Theory Symposium (CATS'04), Vol. 91:134-147 of Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 2004.   Keywords: dynamic programming, FPT, level k phylogenetic network, MASN, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/masn6_CATS2004.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We introduce the maximum agreement phylogenetic subnetwork problem (MASN) of finding a branching structure shared by a set of phylogenetic networks. We prove that the problem is NP-hard even if restricted to three phylogenetic networks and give an O(n2)-time algorithm for the special case of two level-1 phylogenetic networks, where n is the number of leaves in the input networks and where N is called a level-f phylogenetic network if every biconnected component in the underlying undirected graph contains at most f nodes having indegree 2 in N. Our algorithm can be extended to yield a polynomial-time algorithm for two level-f phylogenetic networks N 1,N2 for any f which is upper-bounded by a constant; more precisely, its running time is O(|V(N1)|·|V(N 2)|·4f), where V(Ni) denotes the set of nodes of Ni. © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V." 32 Jesper Jansson and Wing-Kin Sung. Inferring a level-1 phylogenetic network from a dense set of rooted triplets. In COCOON04, Vol. 3106:462-471 of LNCS, springer, 2004. 1 comment   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/ipnrt6_COCOON2004.pdf.         33 Luay Nakhleh, Tandy Warnow and C. Randal Linder. Reconstructing reticulate evolution in species - theory and practice. In RECOMB04, Pages 337-346, 2004.   Keywords: from rooted trees, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SPNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/144-nakhleh.pdf.         34 Hans-Jürgen Bandelt and Andreas W. M. Dress. A canonical decomposition theory for metrics on a finite set. In Advances in Mathematics, Vol. 92(1):47-105, 1992.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from distances, split, split decomposition, split network, weak hierarchy, weakly compatible.         Toggle abstract "We consider specific additive decompositions d = d1 + ... + dn of metrics, defined on a finite set X (where a metric may give distance zero to pairs of distinct points). The simplest building stones are the slit metrics, associated to splits (i.e., bipartitions) of the given set X. While an additive decomposition of a Hamming metric into split metrics is in no way unique, we achieve uniqueness by restricting ourselves to coherent decompositions, that is, decompositions d = d1 + ... + dn such that for every map f:X → R with f(x) + f(y) ≥ d(x, y) for all x, y ε{lunate} X there exist maps f1, ..., fn: X → R with f = f1 + ... + fn and fi(x) + fi(y) ≥ di(x, y) for all i = 1,..., n and all x, y ε{lunate} X. These coherent decompositions are closely related to a geometric decomposition of the injective hull of the given metric. A metric with a coherent decomposition into a (weighted) sum of split metrics will be called totally split-decomposable. Tree metrics (and more generally, the sum of two tree metrics) are particular instances of totally split-decomposable metrics. Our main result confirms that every metric admits a coherent decomposition into a totally split-decomposable metric and a split-prime residue, where all the split summands and hence the decomposition can be determined in polynomial time, and that a family of splits can occur this way if and only if it does not induce on any four-point subset all three splits with block size two. © 1992."

35 Katharina Huber and Guillaume Scholz. Phylogenetic networks that are their own fold-ups. In AAM, Vol. 113(101959):1-24, 2020.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, FU-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.01841.         36 Andrew R. Francis, Daniel H. Huson and Mike Steel. Normalising phylogenetic networks. 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program PhyloSketch, reconstruction, tree-child network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.07797.         37 Gabriel Cardona and Louxin Zhang. Counting and Enumerating Tree-Child Networks and Their Subclasses. In JCSS, Vol. 114:84-104, 2020.   Keywords: counting, enumeration, explicit network, galled network, galled tree, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-child network.         38 Michael Fuchs, Guan-Ru Yu and Louxin Zhang. On the Asymptotic Growth of the Number of Tree-Child Networks. 2020.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-child network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08049.         39 Andreas Gunawan, Jeyaram Rathin and Louxin Zhang. Counting and enumerating galled networks. In DAM, Vol. 283:644-654, 2020.   Keywords: counting, enumeration, explicit network, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.08569.         40 Marefatollah Mansouri. Counting General Phylogenetic networks. 2020.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14547.         41 Marefatollah Mansouri. Combinatorial properties of phylogenetic networks. PhD thesis, Vienna University of Technology (Austria), Institute of Discrete Mathematics and Geometry, 2020.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://dmg.tuwien.ac.at/bgitten/Theses/mansouri.pdf.         42 Mathilde Bouvel, Philippe Gambette and Marefatollah Mansouri. Counting Phylogenetic Networks of Level 1 and 2. In JOMB, 2020.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10460, to appear.         43 Jonathan Klawitter and Peter Stumpf. Drawing Tree-Based Phylogenetic Networks with Minimum Number of Crossings. 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, minimum number, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, visualization. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08960.         44 Elizabeth Gross, Leo van Iersel, Remie Janssen, Mark Jones, Colby Long and Yukihiro Murakami. Distinguishing level-1 phylogenetic networks on the basis of data generated by Markov processes. 2020.   Keywords: characterization, distinguishability, explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, population genetics, semidirected network, statistical model, uniqueness. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08782.         45 Remie Janssen, Mark Jones and Yukihiro Murakami. Combining Networks Using Cherry Picking Sequences. In AlCoB20, Vol. 12099:77-92 of LNCS, Springer, 2020.   Keywords: cherry-picking, explicit network, FPT, from network, hybridization, orchard network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-child network.         46 Hannah Brown, Lei Zuo and Dan Gusfield. Comparing Integer Linear Programming to SAT-Solving for Hard Problems in Computational and Systems Biology. In AlCoB2020, Vol. 12099:63-76 of LNCS, Springer, 2020.   Keywords: from binary characters, History bound, integer linear programming, minimum number, phylogeny, SAT. Note: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42266-0_6.         47 Remie Janssen and Yukihiro Murakami. Linear Time Algorithm for Tree-Child Network Containment. In AlCoB20, Vol. 12099:93-107 of LNCS, Springer, 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, isomorphism, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, tree-child network, tree-child sequence. Note: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42266-0_8.         48 Jonathan Klawitter. The agreement distance of unrooted phylogenetic networks. In DMTCS, Vol. 21(2):22.1-23, 2020.   Keywords: agreement forest, distance between networks, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://dmtcs.episciences.org/6567/pdf.         49 Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Caterpillars on three and four leaves are sufficient to reconstruct binary normal networks. In JOMB, 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, from triplets, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00483, to appear.         50 Hadi Poormohammadi and Mohsen Sardari Zarchi. Netcombin: An algorithm for constructing optimal phylogenetic network from rooted triplets. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 15(9):e0227842.1-25, 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Simplistic, Program TripNet, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227842.         51 Hadi Poormohammadi, Mohsen Sardari Zarchi and Hossein Ghaneai. NCHB: A method for constructing rooted phylogenetic networks from rooted triplets based on height function and binarization. In JTB, Vol. 489(110144), 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Simplistic, Program TripNet, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110144.         52 Joan Carles Pons, Celine Scornavacca and Gabriel Cardona. Generation of Level-k LGT Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 17(1):158-164, 2020.   Keywords: explicit network, level k phylogenetic network, LGT network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny.         53 Joan Carles Pons, Charles Semple and Mike Steel. Tree-based networks: characterisations, metrics, and support trees. In JOMB, Vol. 78(4):899-918, 2019.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, time consistent network, tree-based network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07836.         54 Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton and Taoyang Wu. Hierarchies from lowest stable ancestors in nonbinary phylogenetic networks. In JOC, Vol. 36:200-231, 2019.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00357-018-9279-5.pdf.         55 Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Attaching leaves and picking cherries to characterise the hybridisation number for a set of phylogenies. In AAM, Vol. 105:102-129, 2019.   Keywords: agreement forest, cherry-picking, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, tree-child network. Note: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aam.2019.01.004.         56 Jonathan Klawitter. The agreement distance of rooted phylogenetic networks. In DMTCS, Vol. 21(3):19.1-24, 2019.   Keywords: agreement forest, distance between networks, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, SPR distance. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.05800.         57 Janosch Döcker, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Simone Linz. Deciding the existence of a cherry-picking sequence is hard on two trees. In DAM, Vol. 260:131-143, 2019.   Keywords: cherry-picking, explicit network, hybridization, minimum number, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, temporal-hybridization number, time consistent network, tree-child network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.02965.         58 Jonathan Klawitter and Simone Linz. On the Subnet Prune and Regraft Distance. In ELJC, Vol. 26(2):P2.3.1-23, 2019.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reticulation-visible network, SPR distance, tree-based network, tree-child network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07839.         59 Michael Fuchs, Bernhard Gittenberger and Marefatollah Mansouri. Counting Phylogenetic Networks with Few Reticulation Vertices: Tree-Child and Normal Networks. In Australasian Journal of Combinatorics, Vol. 73(2):385-423, 2019.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. 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In ICNC-FSKD19, Vol. 1075:894-900 of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, 2019.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program BIMLR, Program IGNet, Program LNetwork, reconstruction, software.         65 Yan Hong and Juan Wang. Frin: An Efficient Method for Representing Genome Evolutionary History. In Frontiers in Genetics, Vol. 10(1261):1-8, 2019.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Frin, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01261.         66 Juan Wang and Maozu Guo. A review of metrics measuring dissimilarity for rooted phylogenetic networks. In Briefings in Bioinformatics, Vol. 20(6):1972-1980, 2019.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, mu distance, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, survey, tree sibling network, tree-child network.         67 Konstantinos Mampentzidis. Comparison and Construction of Phylogenetic Trees and Networks. PhD thesis, Aarhus University, Denmark, 2019.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, triplet distance. Note: https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/172250681/thesis_Konstantinos_Mampentzidis.pdf.         68 Janosch Döcker, Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Displaying trees across two phylogenetic networks. In TCS, Vol. 796:129-146, 2019.   Keywords: display set, explicit network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, time consistent network, tree-child network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.06612.         69 Katharina Huber, Leo van Iersel, Remie Janssen, Mark Jones, Vincent Moulton, Yukihiro Murakami and Charles Semple. Rooting for phylogenetic networks. 2019.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, level k phylogenetic network, orchard network, orientation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, stack-free network, tree-based network, tree-child network, valid network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.07430.         70 Gabriel Cardona, Joan Carles Pons and Celine Scornavacca. Generation of Binary Tree-Child phylogenetic networks. In PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 15(10):e1007440.1-29, 2019.   Keywords: enumeration, explicit network, generation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetwork, Program TCGenerators, software, tree-child network. Note: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007440.         71 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Giorgios Stamoulis, Leen Stougie and Olivier Boes. On unrooted and root-uncertain variants of several well-known phylogenetic network problems. 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Note: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/05/01/132795.         77 Andrew R. Francis, Katharina Huber and Vincent Moulton. Tree-based unrooted phylogenetic networks. In BMB, Vol. 80(2):404-416, 2018.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree containment, tree-based network, unrooted tree-based network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.02062.         78 Magnus Bordewich, Charles Semple and Nihan Tokac. Constructing tree-child networks from distance matrices. In Algorithmica, Vol. 80(8):2240-2259, 2018.   Keywords: compressed network, explicit network, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, tree-child network, uniqueness. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BSN17.pdf.         79 Andreas Gunawan. Solving the Tree Containment Problem for Reticulation-visible Networks in Linear Time. 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In BMB, Vol. 80(8):2177-2208, 2018.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, NNI moves, orientation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, SPR distance. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07656.         82 Sarah Bastkowski, Daniel Mapleson, Andreas Spillner, Taoyang Wu, Monika Balvociute and Vincent Moulton. SPECTRE: a Suite of PhylogEnetiC Tools for Reticulate Evolution. In BIO, Vol. 34(6):1057-1058, 2018.   Keywords: abstract network, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program FlatNJ, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, software, split network. Note: https://doi.org/10.1101/169177.         83 Sebastien Roch and Kun-Chieh Wang. Circular Networks from Distorted Metrics. In RECOMB18, Vol. 10812:167-176 of LNCS, Springer, 2018.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from distances, NeighborNet, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split network. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.05722.         84 Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton, Charles Semple and Taoyang Wu. Quarnet inference rules for level-1 networks. In BMB, Vol. 80:2137-2153, 2018.   Keywords: explicit network, from quarnets, from subnetworks, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06720.         85 Leo van Iersel and Vincent Moulton. Leaf-reconstructibility of phylogenetic networks. In SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 32(3):2047-2066, 2018.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08982.         86 Kristina Wicke and Mareike Fischer. Phylogenetic diversity and biodiversity indices on phylogenetic networks. In MB, Vol. 298:80-90, 2018.   Keywords: diversity, explicit network, from network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. 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In JOMB, Vol. 77(3):571-594, 2018.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BHMS18.pdf.         93 Chi Zhang, Huw A. Ogilvie, Alexei J. Drummond and Tanja Stadler. Bayesian Inference of Species Networks from Multilocus Sequence Data. In MBE, Vol. 35(2):504-517, 2018.   Keywords: bayesian, explicit network, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, statistical model. Note: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx307.         94 Guillaume Scholz. New algorithms and mathematical tools for phylogenetics beyond trees. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018.   Keywords: circular split system, explicit network, explicit network, from splits, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, split network, uniqueness. Note: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/66952.         95 Hongwei Yan, Andreas Gunawan and Louxin Zhang. S-Cluster++: a fast program for solving the cluster containment problem for phylogenetic networks. In BIO, Vol. 34(17):i680–i686, 2018.   Keywords: cluster containment, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, SAT. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty594.         96 Jiafan Zhu, Dingqiao Wen, Yun Yu, Heidi M. Meudt and Luay Nakhleh. Bayesian inference of phylogenetic networks from bi-allelic genetic markers. In PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 14(1):e1005932.1-32, 2018.   Keywords: bayesian, explicit network, from multistate characters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet. Note: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005932.         97 Dingqiao Wen and Luay Nakhleh. Coestimating Reticulate Phylogenies and Gene Trees from Multilocus Sequence Data. In SB, Vol. 67(3):439-457, 2018.   Keywords: bayesian, explicit network, from sequences, incomplete lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx085.         98 Andreas Gunawan. On the tree and cluster containment problems for phylogenetic networks. PhD thesis, National University of Singapore, 2018.   Keywords: cluster containment, explicit network, galled network, genetically stable network, nearly-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reticulation-visible network, tree containment. Note: https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/144270.         99 Katharina Huber, Leo van Iersel, Vincent Moulton, Celine Scornavacca and Taoyang Wu. Reconstructing phylogenetic level-1 networks from nondense binet and trinet sets. In ALG, Vol. 77(1):173-200, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from binets, from subnetworks, from trinets, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6804.         100 Christopher Bryant, Mareike Fischer, Simone Linz and Charles Semple. On the Quirks of Maximum Parsimony and Likelihood on Phylogenetic Networks. In JTB, Vol. 417:100-108, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, likelihood, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.06898.         101 Monika Balvociute, David Bryant and Andreas Spillner. When can splits be drawn in the plane? In SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 31(2):839-856, 2017.   Keywords: abstract network, characterization, flat, phylogenetic network, planar, split, split network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06104v1.         102 Satyan L. Devadoss and Samantha Petti. A Space of Phylogenetic Networks. In SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry, Vol. 1(1):683-705, 2017.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, split network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06978.         103 Philippe Gambette, Katharina Huber and Guillaume Scholz. Uprooted Phylogenetic Networks. In BMB, Vol. 79(9):2022-2048, 2017.   Keywords: circular split system, explicit network, from splits, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, split network, uniqueness. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.08387.         104 Julia Matsieva, Steven Kelk, Celine Scornavacca, Chris Whidden and Dan Gusfield. A Resolution of the Static Formulation Question for the Problem of Computing the History Bound. In TCBB, Vol. 14(2):404-417, 2017.   Keywords: ARG, explicit network, from sequences, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny.         105 Andreas Gunawan, Bhaskar DasGupta and Louxin Zhang. A decomposition theorem and two algorithms for reticulation-visible networks. In Information and Computation, Vol. 252:161-175, 2017.   Keywords: cluster containment, explicit network, from clusters, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reticulation-visible network, tree containment. Note: https://www.cs.uic.edu/~dasgupta/resume/publ/papers/Infor_Comput_IC4848_final.pdf.         106 Gabriel Cardona and Joan Carles Pons. Reconstruction of LGT networks from tri-LGT-nets. In JOMB, Vol. 75(6-7):1669-1692, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from subnetworks, from tri-LGT-nets, LGT network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-017-1171-0.         107 Bingxin Lu, Louxin Zhang and Hon Wai Leong. A program to compute the soft Robinson-Foulds distance between phylogenetic networks. In APBC17, Vol. 18(Suppl. 2):111 of BMC Genomics, 2017.   Keywords: cluster containment, distance between networks, explicit network, exponential algorithm, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program icelu-PhyloNetwork. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3500-5.         108 Vincent Moulton, James Oldman and Taoyang Wu. A cubic-time algorithm for computing the trinet distance between level-1 networks. In IPL, Vol. 123:36-41, 2017.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program TriLoNet. Note: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2017.03.002.         109 Magnus Bordewich, Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Lost in space? Generalising subtree prune and regraft to spaces of phylogenetic networks. In JTB, Vol. 423:1-12, 2017.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reticulation-visible network, SPR distance, tree-based network, tree-child network. Note: https://simonelinz.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/bls171.pdf.         110 Celine Scornavacca, Joan Carles Pons and Gabriel Cardona. Fast algorithm for the reconciliation of gene trees and LGT networks. In JTB, Vol. 418:129-137, 2017.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, lateral gene transfer, LGT network, loss, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction.         111 Leo van Iersel, Vincent Moulton, Eveline De Swart and Taoyang Wu. Binets: fundamental building blocks for phylogenetic networks. In BMB, Vol. 79(5):1135-1154, 2017.   Keywords: approximation, explicit network, from binets, from subnetworks, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-017-0275-4.         112 Juan Wang and Maozu Guo. A Metric on the Space of kth-order reduced Phylogenetic Networks. In Scientific Reports, Vol. 7(3189):1-10, 2017.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, kth-order reduced network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial. Note: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466651/.         113 Philippe Gambette, Leo van Iersel, Mark Jones, Manuel Lafond, Fabio Pardi and Celine Scornavacca. Rearrangement Moves on Rooted Phylogenetic Networks. In PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 13(8):e1005611.1-21, 2017.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, NNI distance, NNI moves, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, SPR distance. Note: https://hal-upec-upem.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01572624/en/.         114 Han Lai, Maureen Stolzer and Dannie Durand. Fast Heuristics for Resolving Weakly Supported Branches Using Duplication, Transfers, and Losses. In RECOMB-CG17, Vol. 10562:298-320 of LNCS, Springer, 2017.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Notung, reconstruction.         115 Klaus Schliep, Alastair J. Potts, David A. Morrison and Guido W. Grimm. Intertwining phylogenetic trees and networks. In Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 8(10):1212-1220, 2017.   Keywords: abstract network, from network, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, split network, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12760.         116 Timothy G. Vaughan. IcyTree: rapid browser-based visualization for phylogenetic trees and networks. In BIO, Vol. 33(15):2392-2394, 2017.   Keywords: ARG, explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program IcyTree, software, visualization. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx155.         117 Mohammad Hossein Reyhani and Hadi Poormohammadi. RPNCH: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets based on Height Function. In Archives of Advances in Biosciences, Vol. 8(4):14-20, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jps/article/view/16707.         118 Hussein A. Hejase. Scalable Phylogenetic Analysis and Functional Interpretation of Genomes with Complex Evolutionary Histories. PhD thesis, Michigan State University, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program FastNet, reconstruction. Note: https://dx.doi.org/10.25335/M5T855.         119 Edwin Jacox, Mathias Weller, Eric Tannier and Celine Scornavacca. Resolution and reconciliation of non-binary gene trees with transfers, duplications and losses. In BIO, Vol. 33(7):980-987, 2017.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw778.         120 Celine Scornavacca. Occam's razor in phylogenetic network reconstruction. Phyloseminar #71, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6tEVulgQu8.         121 Cécile Ané. From reconstructing to using phylogenetic networks. Phyloseminar #72, 2017.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, reconstruction, semidirected network. Note: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF4j_JOQP0c.         122 Paul Bastide. Shifted stochastic processes evolving on trees : application to models of adaptive evolution on phylogenies. PhD thesis, Université Paris Saclay, 2017.   Keywords: ancestral trait reconstruction, bayesian, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, reconstruction, statistical model. Note: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01629648/en/, slides..         123 Dingqiao Wen. Bayesian Inference of Phylogenetic Networks from Sequence Data. PhD thesis, Rice University, 2017.   Keywords: bayesian, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         124 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Nela Lekic, Chris Whidden and Norbert Zeh. Hybridization Number on Three Rooted Binary Trees is EPT. In SIDMA, Vol. 30(3):1607-1631, 2016.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.2136.         125 Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton, Mike Steel and Taoyang Wu. Folding and unfolding phylogenetic trees and networks. In JOMB, Vol. 73(6):1761-1780, 2016.   Keywords: compressed network, explicit network, FU-stable network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree containment, tree sibling network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.04438.         126 Steven Kelk, Leo van Iersel, Celine Scornavacca and Mathias Weller. Phylogenetic incongruence through the lens of Monadic Second Order logic. In JGAA, Vol. 20(2):189-215, 2016.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, MSOL, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://jgaa.info/accepted/2016/KelkIerselScornavaccaWeller2016.20.2.pdf.         127 Stephen J. Willson. Comparing and simplifying distinct-cluster phylogenetic networks. In ACOM, Vol. 20(4):917-938, 2016.   Keywords: distinct-cluster network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.07528.         128 Andreas Gunawan, Bhaskar DasGupta and Louxin Zhang. Locating a Tree in a Reticulation-Visible Network in Cubic Time. In RECOMB16, Vol. 9649:266 of LNBI, Springer, 2016.   Keywords: cluster containment, explicit network, from clusters, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reticulation-visible network, tree containment. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.02119.         129 Sajad Mirzaei and Yufeng Wu. Fast Construction of Near Parsimonious Hybridization Networks for Multiple Phylogenetic Trees. In TCBB, Vol. 13(3):565-570, 2016.   Keywords: bound, explicit network, from rooted trees, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PIRN, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu/Papers/PIRNs-preprint.pdf.         130 Philippe Gambette, Andreas Gunawan, Anthony Labarre, Stéphane Vialette and Louxin Zhang. Solving the Tree Containment Problem for Genetically Stable Networks in Quadratic Time. In IWOCA15, Vol. 9538:197-208 of LNCS, springer, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, genetically stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment. Note: https://hal-upec-upem.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01226035 .         131 Magnus Bordewich and Charles Semple. Reticulation-visible networks. In Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 78:114-141, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/BS16.pdf.         132 Louxin Zhang. On Tree-Based Phylogenetic Networks. In JCB, Vol. 23(7):553-565, 2016.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-based network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.01663.         133 Vincent Ranwez, Celine Scornavacca, Jean-Philippe Doyon and Vincent Berry. Inferring gene duplications, transfers and losses can be done in a discrete framework. In JOMB, Vol. 72(7):1811-1844, 2016.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         134 Claudia Solís-Lemus and Cécile Ané. Inferring phylogenetic networks with maximum pseudolikelihood under incomplete lineage sorting. In PLOS Genetics, Vol. 12(3):e1005896, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06075v1.         135 François Chevenet, Jean-Philippe Doyon, Celine Scornavacca, Edwin Jacox, Emmanuelle Jousselin and Vincent Berry. SylvX: a viewer for phylogenetic tree reconciliations. In BIO, Vol. 32(4):608-610, 2016.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SylvX, software, visualization. Note: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emmanuelle_Jousselin/publication/283446016_SylvX_a_viewer_for_phylogenetic_tree_reconciliations/links/5642146108aec448fa621efa.pdf.         136 Hussein A. Hejase and Kevin J. Liu. A scalability study of phylogenetic network inference methods using empirical datasets and simulations involving a single reticulation. Vol. 17(422):1-12, 2016.   Keywords: abstract network, evaluation, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, reconstruction, simulation, unicyclic network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1277-1.         137 Ioannis G. Tollis and Konstantinos G. Kakoulis. Algorithms for Visualizing Phylogenetic Networks. In GD16, Vol. 9801:183-195 of LNCS, springer, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, galled network, galled tree, NP complete, planar, visualization. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00755.         138 Philippe Gambette, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Fabio Pardi and Celine Scornavacca. Do branch lengths help to locate a tree in a phylogenetic network? In BMB, Vol. 78(9):1773-1795, 2016.   Keywords: branch length, explicit network, FPT, from network, from rooted trees, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, pseudo-polynomial, time consistent network, tree containment, tree sibling network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06285.         139 Nikita Alexeev and Max A. Alekseyev. Combinatorial Scoring of Phylogenetic Networks. In COCOON16, Vol. 9797:560-572 of LNCS, Springer, 2016.   Keywords: cactus graph, counting, explicit network, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02841.         140 Charles Semple. Phylogenetic Networks with Every Embedded Phylogenetic Tree a Base Tree. In BMB, Vol. 78(1):132-137, 2016.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-based network, tree-child network. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/S15.pdf.         141 Maria Anaya, Olga Anipchenko-Ulaj, Aisha Ashfaq, Joyce Chiu, Mahedi Kaiser, Max Shoji Ohsawa, Megan Owen, Ella Pavlechko, Katherine St. John, Shivam Suleria, Keith Thompson and Corrine Yap. On Determining if Tree-based Networks Contain Fixed Trees. In BMB, Vol. 78(5):961-969, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-based network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02739.         142 Momoko Hayamizu. On the existence of infinitely many universal tree-based networks. In JTB, Vol. 396:204-206, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-based network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.02402.         143 James Oldman, Taoyang Wu, Leo van Iersel and Vincent Moulton. TriLoNet: Piecing together small networks to reconstruct reticulate evolutionary histories. In MBE, Vol. 33(8):2151-2162, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from subnetworks, from trinets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LEV1ATHAN, Program TriLoNet, reconstruction.         144 Dingqiao Wen, Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. Bayesian Inference of Reticulate Phylogenies under the Multispecies Network Coalescent. In PLoS Genetics, Vol. 12(5):e1006006, 2016.   Keywords: bayesian, coalescent, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, software.         145 Jiafan Zhu, Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. In the Light of Deep Coalescence: Revisiting Trees Within Networks. In RECOMB-CG16, Vol. 17(suppl. 14):415.271-282 of BMCB, 2016.   Keywords: branch length, evaluation, explicit network, incomplete lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, statistical model, tree-based network, weakly displaying. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07350.         146 Magnus Bordewich and Nihan Tokac. An algorithm for reconstructing ultrametric tree-child networks from inter-taxa distances. In DAM, Vol. 213:47-59, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, tree-child network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2016.05.011.         147 Mike Steel. Introduction to phylogenetic networks. In Phylogeny: Discrete and Random Processes in Evolution, Vol. 89 of CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, Chapter 10, SIAM, 2016.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, survey. Note: http://bookstore.siam.org/cb89/.         148 Juan Wang. A Survey of Methods for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 11(11):e0165834, 2016.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program BIMLR, Program Dendroscope, Program LNetwork, reconstruction, survey. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165834.         149 Nihan Tokac. Efficiency of Algorithms in Phylogenetics. PhD thesis, Durham University, U.K., 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, tree-child network. Note: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11768/.         150 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. Kernelizations for the hybridization number problem on multiple nonbinary trees. In JCSS, Vol. 82(6):1075-1089, 2016.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Treeduce, reconstruction. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4045v3.         151 Kristina Wicke. Extending the concept of phylogenetic diversity and its measures from trees to networks. Master's thesis, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, 2016.   Keywords: diversity, explicit network, from network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: https://math-inf.uni-greifswald.de/fileadmin/uni-greifswald/fakultaet/mnf/mathinf/wicke/MasterThesis_KristinaWicke.pdf.         152 Edwin Jacox, Cédric Chauve, Gergely J. Szöllösi, Yann Ponty and Celine Scornavacca. EcceTERA: comprehensive gene tree-species tree reconciliation using parsimony. In BIO, Vol. 32(13):2056-2058, 2016.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, from species tree, lateral gene transfer, loss, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program ecceTERA. Note: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw105.         153 Pei Wu. Quartet weights in phylogenetic network reconstruction. PhD thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016.   Keywords: abstract network, from distances, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split, split network. Note: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324475948_Quartet_weights_in_phylogenetic_network_reconstruction.         154 Monika Balvociute. Flat Embeddings of Genetic and Distance Data. PhD thesis, University of Otago, 2016.   Keywords: abstract network, flat, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, planar, Program FlatNJ, Program SplitsTree, split, split network. Note: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6286.         155 Dingqiao Wen. Bayesian Inference of Phylogenetic Networks. Master's thesis, Rice University, Texas, 2016.   Keywords: bayesian, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction. Note: https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/96515/WEN-DOCUMENT-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.         156 Colin McDiarmid, Charles Semple and Dominic Welsh. Counting phylogenetic networks. In Annals of Combinatorics, Vol. 19(1):205-224, 2015.   Keywords: counting, explicit network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-child network. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/MSW13.pdf.         157 Katharina Huber, Leo van Iersel, Vincent Moulton and Taoyang Wu. How much information is needed to infer reticulate evolutionary histories? In Systematic Biology, Vol. 64(1):102-111, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, from subnetworks, from trinets, identifiability, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu076.         158 Andrew R. Francis and Mike Steel. Which phylogenetic networks are merely trees with additional arcs? In Systematic Biology, Vol. 64(5):768-777, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree-based network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.07045.         159 Fabio Pardi and Celine Scornavacca. Reconstructible Phylogenetic Networks: Do Not Distinguish the Indistinguishable. In PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 11(4):e1007137.1-23, 2015.   Keywords: branch length, explicit network, from rooted trees, identifiability, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004135.         160 Philippe Gambette, Andreas Gunawan, Anthony Labarre, Stéphane Vialette and Louxin Zhang. Locating a Tree in A Phylogenetic Network in Quadratic Time. In RECOMB15, Vol. 9029:96-107 of LNCS, Springer, 2015.   Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, genetically stable network, nearly-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, tree containment. Note: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01116231/en.         161 Quan Nguyen and Teemu Roos. Likelihood-based inference of phylogenetic networks from sequence data by PhyloDAG. In AlCoB15, Vol. 9199:126-140 of LNCS, springer, 2015.   Keywords: BIC, explicit network, from sequences, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloDAG, reconstruction, software. Note: http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ttonteri/pub/alcob2015.pdf.         162 Vladimir Ulyantsev and Mikhail Melnik. Constructing Parsimonious Hybridization Networks from Multiple Phylogenetic Trees Using a SAT-solver. In AlCoB15, Vol. 9199:141-153 of LNCS, springer, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, from trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vladimir_Ulyantsev/publication/282816862_Constructing_Parsimonious_Hybridization_Networks_from_Multiple_Phylogenetic_Trees_Using_a_SAT-Solver/links/561d372c08aecade1acb3699/Constructing-Parsimonious-Hybridization-Networks-from-Multiple-Phylogenetic-Trees-Using-a-SAT-Solver.pdf.         163 Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. A Distance-Based Method for Inferring Phylogenetic Networks in the Presence of Incomplete Lineage Sorting. In ISBRA15, Vol. 9096:378-389 of LNCS, springer, 2015.   Keywords: bootstrap, explicit network, from distances, heuristic, incomplete lineage sorting, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://bioinfo.cs.rice.edu/sites/bioinfo.cs.rice.edu/files/YuNakhleh-ISBRA15.pdf.         164 Benjamin Albrecht. Computing all hybridization networks for multiple binary phylogenetic input trees. In BMCB, Vol. 16(236):1-15, 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, exponential algorithm, FPT, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0660-7.         165 Ward C Wheeler. Phylogenetic network analysis as a parsimony optimization problem. In BMCB, Vol. 16(296):1-9, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from sequences, parsimony, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0675-0.         166 Maxime Morgado. Propriétés structurelles et relations des classes de réseaux phylogénétiques. Master's thesis, ENS Cachan, 2015.   Keywords: compressed network, distinct-cluster network, explicit network, galled network, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, nested network, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, regular network, spread, tree containment, tree sibling network, tree-based network, tree-child network, unicyclic network.         167 Yun Yu and Luay Nakhleh. A maximum pseudo-likelihood approach for phylogenetic networks. In RECOMB-CG15, Vol. 16(Suppl 10)(S10):1-10 of BMC Genomics, BioMed Central, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet, reconstruction, tripartition distance. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S10-S10.         168 Sha Zhu, James H. Degnan, Sharyn J. Goldstein and Bjarki Eldon. Hybrid-Lambda: simulation of multiple merger and Kingman gene genealogies in species networks and species trees. In BMCB, Vol. 16(292):1-7, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-Lambda, simulation, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0721-y.         169 Gergely J. Szöllösi, Adrián Arellano Davín, Eric Tannier, Vincent Daubin and Bastien Boussau. Genome-scale phylogenetic analysis finds extensive gene transfer among fungi. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 370(1678):1-11, 2015.   Keywords: duplication, from sequences, lateral gene transfer, loss, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program ALE, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0335.         170 Thu-Hien To and Celine Scornavacca. Efficient algorithms for reconciling gene trees and species networks via duplication and loss events. In RECOMB-CG15, Vol. 16(Suppl 10)(S6):1-14 of BMC Genomics, BioMed Central, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S10-S6.         171 Dwueng-Chwuan Jhwueng and Brian O'Meara. Trait Evolution on Phylogenetic Networks. 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program BMhyd, statistical model. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/023986.         172 Andreas Gunawan and Louxin Zhang. Bounding the Size of a Network Defined By Visibility Property. 2015.   Keywords: bound, explicit network, galled network, nearly-stable network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reticulation-visible network, stable-child network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.00115.         173 Marc Thuillard and Didier Fraix-Burnet. Phylogenetic Trees and Networks Reduce to Phylogenies on Binary States: Does It Furnish an Explanation to the Robustness of Phylogenetic Trees against Lateral Transfers? In Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Vol. 11:213-221, 2015. [Abstract]   Keywords: circular split system, explicit network, from multistate characters, outerplanar, perfect, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, planar, polynomial, reconstruction, split. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.4137%2FEBO.S28158.         174 Laura Jetten. Characterising tree-based phylogenetic networks. Bachelor thesis, 2015.   Keywords: characterization, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, tree-based network. Note: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fda2636d-0ed5-4dd2-bacf-8abbbad8994e.         175 Benjamin Albrecht. Computing a Relevant Set of Nonbinary Maximum Acyclic Agreement Forests. 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, exponential algorithm, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05703.         176 Benjamin Albrecht. Fast computation of all maximum acyclic agreement forests for two rooted binary phylogenetic trees. 2015.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybroscale, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05656.         177 Nela Lekic. Trees, agreement forests and treewidth: combinatorial algorithms for constructing phylogenetic networks. PhD thesis, Maastricht University, The Netherlands, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         178 Jessica W. Leigh and David Bryant. PopART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. In Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 6(9):1110-1116, 2015.   Keywords: abstract network, from sequences, haplotype network, MedianJoining, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, population genetics, Program PopART, Program TCS, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410.         179 Gabriel Cardona, Joan Carles Pons and Francesc Rosselló. A reconstruction problem for a class of phylogenetic networks with lateral gene transfers. In ALMOB, Vol. 10(28):1-15, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LGTnetwork, reconstruction, software, tree-based network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13015-015-0059-z.         180 Claudia Solís-Lemus. Statistical methods to infer population structure with coalescence and gene flow. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015.   Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, semidirected network. Note: https://www.stat.wisc.edu/~claudia/thesis.pdf.         181 Gabriel Cardona, Mercè Llabrés, Francesc Rosselló and Gabriel Valiente. The comparison of tree-sibling time consistent phylogenetic networks is graph-isomorphism complete. In The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2014(254279):1-6, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, distance between networks, from network, isomorphism, phylogenetic network, tree sibling network. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0902.4640.         Toggle abstract "Several polynomial time computable metrics on the class of semibinary tree-sibling time consistent phylogenetic networks are available in the literature; in particular, the problem of deciding if two networks of this kind are isomorphic is in P. In this paper, we show that if we remove the semibinarity condition, then the problem becomes much harder. More precisely, we prove that the isomorphism problem for generic tree-sibling time consistent phylogenetic networks is polynomially equivalent to the graph isomorphism problem. Since the latter is believed not to belong to P, the chances are that it is impossible to define a metric on the class of all tree-sibling time consistent phylogenetic networks that can be computed in polynomial time. © 2014 Gabriel Cardona et al." 182 Steven Kelk and Celine Scornavacca. Constructing minimal phylogenetic networks from softwired clusters is fixed parameter tractable. In ALG, Vol. 68(4):886-915, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from clusters, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3653.         Toggle abstract "Here we show that, given a set of clusters C on a set of taxa X, where |X|=n, it is possible to determine in time f(k)×poly(n) whether there exists a level-≤k network (i.e. a network where each biconnected component has reticulation number at most k) that represents all the clusters in C in the softwired sense, and if so to construct such a network. This extends a result from Kelk et al. (in IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform. 9:517-534, 2012) which showed that the problem is polynomial-time solvable for fixed k. By defining "k-reticulation generators" analogous to "level-k generators", we then extend this fixed parameter tractability result to the problem where k refers not to the level but to the reticulation number of the whole network. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York." 183 Hadi Poormohammadi, Changiz Eslahchi and Ruzbeh Tusserkani. TripNet: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 9(9):e106531, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TripNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.3722.         Toggle abstract "The problem of constructing an optimal rooted phylogenetic network from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm called TripNet, which tries to construct a rooted phylogenetic network with the minimum number of reticulation nodes from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets. Despite of current methods that work for dense set of rooted triplets, a key innovation is the applicability of TripNet to non-dense set of rooted triplets. We prove some theorems to clarify the performance of the algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency of TripNet, we compared TripNet with SIMPLISTIC. It is the only available software which has the ability to return some rooted phylogenetic network consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. But the results show that for complex networks with high levels, the SIMPLISTIC running time increased abruptly. However in all cases TripNet outputs an appropriate rooted phylogenetic network in an acceptable time. Also we tetsed TripNet on the Yeast data. The results show that Both TripNet and optimal networks have the same clustering and TripNet produced a level-3 network which contains only one more reticulation node than the optimal network." 184 Sven Herrmann and Vincent Moulton. Computing the blocks of a quasi-median graph. In DAM, Vol. 179:129-138, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from sequences, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program QuasiDec, quasi-median network, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6135.         185 Leo van Iersel and Vincent Moulton. Trinets encode tree-child and level-2 phylogenetic networks. In JOMB, Vol. 68(7):1707-1729, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from subnetworks, from trinets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0362.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks generalize evolutionary trees, and are commonly used to represent evolutionary histories of species that undergo reticulate evolutionary processes such as hybridization, recombination and lateral gene transfer. Recently, there has been great interest in trying to develop methods to construct rooted phylogenetic networks from triplets, that is rooted trees on three species. However, although triplets determine or encode rooted phylogenetic trees, they do not in general encode rooted phylogenetic networks, which is a potential issue for any such method. Motivated by this fact, Huber and Moulton recently introduced trinets as a natural extension of rooted triplets to networks. In particular, they showed that level-1 phylogenetic networks are encoded by their trinets, and also conjectured that all "recoverable" rooted phylogenetic networks are encoded by their trinets. Here we prove that recoverable binary level-2 networks and binary tree-child networks are also encoded by their trinets. To do this we prove two decomposition theorems based on trinets which hold for all recoverable binary rooted phylogenetic networks. Our results provide some additional evidence in support of the conjecture that trinets encode all recoverable rooted phylogenetic networks, and could also lead to new approaches to construct phylogenetic networks from trinets. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 186 Judith Keijsper and Rudi Pendavingh. Reconstructing a phylogenetic level-1 network from quartets. In BMB, Vol. 76(10):2517-2541, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.5206.         187 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. Kernelizations for the hybridization number problem on multiple nonbinary trees. In WG14, Vol. 8747:299-311 of LNCS, springer, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Treeduce, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4045.         188 Jesper Jansson and Andrzej Lingas. Computing the rooted triplet distance between galled trees by counting triangles. In Journal of Discrete Algorithms, Vol. 25:66-78, 2014.   Keywords: distance between networks, explicit network, from network, galled network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, triplet distance.         Toggle abstract "We consider a generalization of the rooted triplet distance between two phylogenetic trees to two phylogenetic networks. We show that if each of the two given phylogenetic networks is a so-called galled tree with n leaves then the rooted triplet distance can be computed in o(n2.687) time. Our upper bound is obtained by reducing the problem of computing the rooted triplet distance between two galled trees to that of counting monochromatic and almost-monochromatic triangles in an undirected, edge-colored graph. To count different types of colored triangles in a graph efficiently, we extend an existing technique based on matrix multiplication and obtain several new algorithmic results that may be of independent interest: (i) the number of triangles in a connected, undirected, uncolored graph with m edges can be computed in o(m1.408) time; (ii) if G is a connected, undirected, edge-colored graph with n vertices and C is a subset of the set of edge colors then the number of monochromatic triangles of G with colors in C can be computed in o(n2.687) time; and (iii) if G is a connected, undirected, edge-colored graph with n vertices and R is a binary relation on the colors that is computable in O(1) time then the number of R-chromatic triangles in G can be computed in o(n2.687) time. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 189 Ward C Wheeler. Phyletic groups on networks. In Cladistics, Vol. 30(4):447-451, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cla.12062.         Toggle abstract "Three additional phyletic group types, "periphyletic," "epiphyletic", and "anaphyletic" (in addition to Hennigian mono-, para-, and polyphyletic) are defined in terms of trees and phylogenetic networks (trees with directed reticulate edges) via a generalization of the algorithmic definitions of Farris. These designations concern groups defined as monophyletic on trees, but with additional gains or losses of members from network edges. These distinctions should be useful in discussion of systems with non-vertical inheritance such as recombination between viruses, horizontal exchange between bacteria, hybridization in plants and animals, as well as human linguistic evolution. Examples are illustrated with Indo-European language groups. © The Willi Hennig Society 2013." 190 Jialiang Yang, Stefan Grünewald, Yifei Xu and Xiu-Feng Wan. Quartet-based methods to reconstruct phylogenetic networks. In BMC Systems Biology, Vol. 80(21), 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QuartetMethods, Program QuartetNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-8-21 .         Toggle abstract "Background: Phylogenetic networks are employed to visualize evolutionary relationships among a group of nucleotide sequences, genes or species when reticulate events like hybridization, recombination, reassortant and horizontal gene transfer are believed to be involved. In comparison to traditional distance-based methods, quartet-based methods consider more information in the reconstruction process and thus have the potential to be more accurate.Results: We introduce QuartetSuite, which includes a set of new quartet-based methods, namely QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM, to reconstruct phylogenetic networks from nucleotide sequences. We tested their performances and compared them with other popular methods on two simulated nucleotide sequence data sets: one generated from a tree topology and the other from a complicated evolutionary history containing three reticulate events. We further validated these methods to two real data sets: a bacterial data set consisting of seven concatenated genes of 36 bacterial species and an influenza data set related to recently emerging H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China.Conclusion: QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM have the potential to accurately reconstruct evolutionary scenarios from simple branching trees to complicated networks containing many reticulate events. These methods could provide insights into the understanding of complicated biological evolutionary processes such as bacterial taxonomy and reassortant of influenza viruses. © 2014 Yang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 191 Kevin J. Liu, Jingxuan Dai, Kathy Truong, Ying Song, Michael H. Kohn and Luay Nakhleh. An HMM-Based Comparative Genomic Framework for Detecting Introgression in Eukaryotes. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 10(6):e1003649, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNet-HMM. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.7989.         Toggle abstract "One outcome of interspecific hybridization and subsequent effects of evolutionary forces is introgression, which is the integration of genetic material from one species into the genome of an individual in another species. The evolution of several groups of eukaryotic species has involved hybridization, and cases of adaptation through introgression have been already established. In this work, we report on PhyloNet-HMM-a new comparative genomic framework for detecting introgression in genomes. PhyloNet-HMM combines phylogenetic networks with hidden Markov models (HMMs) to simultaneously capture the (potentially reticulate) evolutionary history of the genomes and dependencies within genomes. A novel aspect of our work is that it also accounts for incomplete lineage sorting and dependence across loci. Application of our model to variation data from chromosome 7 in the mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) genome detected a recently reported adaptive introgression event involving the rodent poison resistance gene Vkorc1, in addition to other newly detected introgressed genomic regions. Based on our analysis, it is estimated that about 9% of all sites within chromosome 7 are of introgressive origin (these cover about 13 Mbp of chromosome 7, and over 300 genes). Further, our model detected no introgression in a negative control data set. We also found that our model accurately detected introgression and other evolutionary processes from synthetic data sets simulated under the coalescent model with recombination, isolation, and migration. Our work provides a powerful framework for systematic analysis of introgression while simultaneously accounting for dependence across sites, point mutations, recombination, and ancestral polymorphism. © 2014 Liu et al." 192 David A. Morrison. Phylogenetic Networks: A Review of Methods to Display Evolutionary History. In Annual Research & Review in Biology, Vol. 4(10):1518-1543, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, survey.         193 David A. Morrison. Rooted Phylogenetic Networks for Exploratory Data Analysis. In Advances in Research, Vol. 2(3):145-152, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, reconstruction.         194 David A. Morrison. Next generation sequencing and phylogenetic networks. In EMBnet.journal, Vol. 20(e760):1-4, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, from NGS data, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction.         195 Dan Gusfield. ReCombinatorics: The Algorithmics of Ancestral Recombination Graphs and Explicit Phylogenetic Networks. MIT Press, 2014.   Keywords: ARG, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, survey. Note: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/recombinatorics.         196 Josh Voorkamp né Collins. Untangling Evolution. PhD thesis, University of Otago, New Zealand, 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, generation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/handle/10523/4802.         197 Vladimir Makarenkov, Alix Boc and Pierre Legendre. A New Algorithm for Inferring Hybridization Events Based on the Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfers. In Fuad Aleskerov, Boris Goldengorin and Panos M. Pardalos editors, Clusters, Orders, and Trees: Methods and Applications, Vol. 92 of Springer Optimization and Its Applications, Springer, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         198 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk, Nela Lekic and Celine Scornavacca. A practical approximation algorithm for solving massive instances of hybridization number for binary and nonbinary trees. In BMCB, Vol. 15(127):1-12, 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, approximation, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program CycleKiller, Program TerminusEst, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-127.         199 Monika Balvociute, Andreas Spillner and Vincent Moulton. FlatNJ: A Novel Network-Based Approach to Visualize Evolutionary and Biogeographical Relationships. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 63(3):383-396, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, flat, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program FlatNJ, Program SplitsTree, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu001.         Toggle abstract "Split networks are a type of phylogenetic network that allow visualization of conflict in evolutionary data. We present a new method for constructing such networks called FlatNetJoining (FlatNJ). A key feature of FlatNJ is that it produces networks that can be drawn in the plane in which labels may appear inside of the network. For complex data sets that involve, for example, non-neutral molecular markers, this can allow additional detail to be visualized as compared to previous methods such as split decomposition and NeighborNet. We illustrate the application of FlatNJ by applying it to whole HIV genome sequences, where recombination has taken place, fluorescent proteins in corals, where ancestral sequences are present, and mitochondrial DNA sequences from gall wasps, where biogeographical relationships are of interest. We find that the networks generated by FlatNJ can facilitate the study of genetic variation in the underlying molecular sequence data and, in particular, may help to investigate processes such as intra-locus recombination. FlatNJ has been implemented in Java and is freely available at www.uea.ac.uk/computing/software/ flatnj. [flat split system; NeighborNet; Phylogenetic network; QNet; split; split network.] © The Author(s) 2014." 200 Johann-Mattis List, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi, Hans Geisler and William Martin. Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution. In BioEssays, Vol. 36(2):141-150, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, minimal lateral network, phylogenetic network, Program lingpy. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201300096.         Toggle abstract "Like biological species, languages change over time. As noted by Darwin, there are many parallels between language evolution and biological evolution. Insights into these parallels have also undergone change in the past 150 years. Just like genes, words change over time, and language evolution can be likened to genome evolution accordingly, but what kind of evolution? There are fundamental differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic evolution. In the former, natural variation entails the gradual accumulation of minor mutations in alleles. In the latter, lateral gene transfer is an integral mechanism of natural variation. The study of language evolution using biological methods has attracted much interest of late, most approaches focusing on language tree construction. These approaches may underestimate the important role that borrowing plays in language evolution. Network approaches that were originally designed to study lateral gene transfer may provide more realistic insights into the complexities of language evolution. Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Linguistic evidence supports date for Homeric epics. © 2014 The Authors. BioEssays Published by WILEY Periodicals, Inc." 201 Puspal Bhabak and Asish Mukhopadhyay. A 3-factor approximation algorithm for a Minimum Acyclic Agreement Forest on k rooted, binary phylogenetic trees. 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, approximation, explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7125.         202 Zhijiang Li. Fixed-Parameter Algorithm for Hybridization Number of Two Multifurcating Trees. Master's thesis, Dalhousie University, Canada, 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://hdl.handle.net/10222/53976.         203 Juan Wang. A new algorithm to construct phylogenetic networks from trees. In Genetics and Molecular Research, Vol. 13(1):1456-1464, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, heuristic, phylogenetic network, Program LNetwork, Program QuickCass, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2014.March.6.4.         Toggle abstract "Developing appropriate methods for constructing phylogenetic networks from tree sets is an important problem, and much research is currently being undertaken in this area. BIMLR is an algorithm that constructs phylogenetic networks from tree sets. The algorithm can construct a much simpler network than other available methods. Here, we introduce an improved version of the BIMLR algorithm, QuickCass. QuickCass changes the selection strategy of the labels of leaves below the reticulate nodes, i.e., the nodes with an indegree of at least 2 in BIMLR. We show that QuickCass can construct simpler phylogenetic networks than BIMLR. Furthermore, we show that QuickCass is a polynomial-time algorithm when the output network that is constructed by QuickCass is binary. © FUNPEC-RP." 204 Matthieu Willems, Nadia Tahiri and Vladimir Makarenkov. A new efficient algorithm for inferring explicit hybridization networks following the Neighbor-Joining principle. In JBCB, Vol. 12(5), 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Several algorithms and software have been developed for inferring phylogenetic trees. However, there exist some biological phenomena such as hybridization, recombination, or horizontal gene transfer which cannot be represented by a tree topology. We need to use phylogenetic networks to adequately represent these important evolutionary mechanisms. In this article, we present a new efficient heuristic algorithm for inferring hybridization networks from evolutionary distance matrices between species. The famous Neighbor-Joining concept and the least-squares criterion are used for building networks. At each step of the algorithm, before joining two given nodes, we check if a hybridization event could be related to one of them or to both of them. The proposed algorithm finds the exact tree solution when the considered distance matrix is a tree metric (i.e. it is representable by a unique phylogenetic tree). It also provides very good hybrids recovery rates for large trees (with 32 and 64 leaves in our simulations) for both distance and sequence types of data. The results yielded by the new algorithm for real and simulated datasets are illustrated and discussed in detail. © Imperial College Press." 205 Riccardo Dondi and Yuri Pirola. Beyond Evolutionary Trees. In Ming-Yang Kao editor, Encyclopedia of Algorithms, Pages 1-7, Springer, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, survey.         206 Josh Voorkamp né Collins. Maximal Acyclic Agreement Forests. In JCB, Vol. 21(10):723-731, 2014.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction.         207 Yun Yu, Jianrong Dong, Kevin J. Liu and Luay Nakhleh. Maximum likelihood inference of reticulate evolutionary histories. In PNAS, Vol. 111(46):16448-16453, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407950111.         208 Adrià Alcalà Mena, Mercè Llabrés, Francesc Rosselló and Pau Rullan. Tree-Child Cluster Networks. In Fundamenta Informaticae, Vol. 134(1-2):1-15, 2014.   Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetwork, reconstruction, tree-child network.         209 David A. Morrison. Is the Tree of Life the Best Metaphor, Model, or Heuristic for Phylogenetics? In Systematic Biology, Vol. 63(4):628-638, 2014.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, survey.         210 Katharina Huber and Vincent Moulton. Encoding and Constructing 1-Nested Phylogenetic Networks with Trinets. In ALG, Vol. 66(3):714-738, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from subnetworks, from trinets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.0728.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that are used in biology to represent reticulate or non-treelike evolution. Recently, several algorithms have been developed which aim to construct phylogenetic networks from biological data using triplets, i.e. binary phylogenetic trees on 3-element subsets of a given set of species. However, a fundamental problem with this approach is that the triplets displayed by a phylogenetic network do not necessarily uniquely determine or encode the network. Here we propose an alternative approach to encoding and constructing phylogenetic networks, which uses phylogenetic networks on 3-element subsets of a set, or trinets, rather than triplets. More specifically, we show that for a special, well-studied type of phylogenetic network called a 1-nested network, the trinets displayed by a 1-nested network always encode the network. We also present an efficient algorithm for deciding whether a dense set of trinets (i.e. one that contains a trinet on every 3-element subset of a set) can be displayed by a 1-nested network or not and, if so, constructs that network. In addition, we discuss some potential new directions that this new approach opens up for constructing and comparing phylogenetic networks. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC." 211 Leo van Iersel and Simone Linz. A quadratic kernel for computing the hybridization number of multiple trees. In IPL, Vol. 113:318-323, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, kernelization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Clustistic, Program MaafB, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4067, poster.         Toggle abstract "It has recently been shown that the NP-hard problem of calculating the minimum number of hybridization events that is needed to explain a set of rooted binary phylogenetic trees by means of a hybridization network is fixed-parameter tractable if an instance of the problem consists of precisely two such trees. In this paper, we show that this problem remains fixed-parameter tractable for an arbitrarily large set of rooted binary phylogenetic trees. In particular, we present a quadratic kernel. © 2013 Elsevier B.V." 212 Chris Whidden, Robert G. Beiko and Norbert Zeh. Fixed-Parameter Algorithms for Maximum Agreement Forests. In SICOMP, Vol. 42(4):1431-1466, 2013.   Keywords: agreement forest, explicit network, FPT, from rooted trees, hybridization, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HybridInterleave, reconstruction, SPR distance. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2664, slides.         Toggle abstract "We present new and improved fixed-parameter algorithms for computing maximum agreement forests of pairs of rooted binary phylogenetic trees. The size of such a forest for two trees corresponds to their subtree prune-and-regraft distance and, if the agreement forest is acyclic, to their hybridization number. These distance measures are essential tools for understanding reticulate evolution. Our algorithm for computing maximum acyclic agreement forests is the first depth-bounded search algorithm for this problem. Our algorithms substantially outperform the best previous algorithms for these problems. © 2013 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics." 213 Stefan Grünewald, Andreas Spillner, Sarah Bastkowski, Anja Bögershausen and Vincent Moulton. SuperQ: Computing Supernetworks from Quartets. In TCBB, Vol. 10(1):151-160, 2013.   Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from quartets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, Program SuperQ, software, split network.         Toggle abstract "Supertrees are a commonly used tool in phylogenetics to summarize collections of partial phylogenetic trees. As a generalization of supertrees, phylogenetic supernetworks allow, in addition, the visual representation of conflict between the trees that is not possible to observe with a single tree. Here, we introduce SuperQ, a new method for constructing such supernetworks (SuperQ is freely available at >www.uea.ac.uk/computing/superq.). It works by first breaking the input trees into quartet trees, and then stitching these together to form a special kind of phylogenetic network, called a split network. This stitching process is performed using an adaptation of the QNet method for split network reconstruction employing a novel approach to use the branch lengths from the input trees to estimate the branch lengths in the resulting network. Compared with previous supernetwork methods, SuperQ has the advantage of producing a planar network. We compare the performance of SuperQ to the Z-closure and Q-imputation supernetwork methods, and also present an analysis of some published data sets as an illustration of its applicability. © 2004-2012 IEEE." 214 Stephen J. Willson. Reconstruction of certain phylogenetic networks from their tree-average distances. In BMB, Vol. 75(10):1840-1878, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from distances, galled tree, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, unicyclic network. Note: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~swillson/Tree-AverageReconPaper9.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Trees are commonly utilized to describe the evolutionary history of a collection of biological species, in which case the trees are called phylogenetic trees. Often these are reconstructed from data by making use of distances between extant species corresponding to the leaves of the tree. Because of increased recognition of the possibility of hybridization events, more attention is being given to the use of phylogenetic networks that are not necessarily trees. This paper describes the reconstruction of certain such networks from the tree-average distances between the leaves. For a certain class of phylogenetic networks, a polynomial-time method is presented to reconstruct the network from the tree-average distances. The method is proved to work if there is a single reticulation cycle. © 2013 Society for Mathematical Biology." 215 Yufeng Wu. An Algorithm for Constructing Parsimonious Hybridization Networks with Multiple Phylogenetic Trees. In RECOMB13, Vol. 7821:291-303 of LNCS, springer, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, exponential algorithm, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PIRN, reconstruction. Note: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu/Papers/ExactNetRecomb2013.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic network is a model for reticulate evolution. Hybridization network is one type of phylogenetic network for a set of discordant gene trees, and "displays" each gene tree. A central computational problem on hybridization networks is: given a set of gene trees, reconstruct the minimum (i.e. most parsimonious) hybridization network that displays each given gene tree. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and existing approaches for this problem are either heuristics or make simplifying assumptions (e.g. work with only two input trees or assume some topological properties). In this paper, we develop an exact algorithm (called PIRNC ) for inferring the minimum hybridization networks from multiple gene trees. The PIRNC algorithm does not rely on structural assumptions. To the best of our knowledge, PIRN C is the first exact algorithm for this formulation. When the number of reticulation events is relatively small (say four or fewer), PIRNC runs reasonably efficient even for moderately large datasets. For building more complex networks, we also develop a heuristic version of PIRNC called PIRNCH. Simulation shows that PIRNCH usually produces networks with fewer reticulation events than those by an existing method. © 2013 Springer-Verlag." 216 Miguel Arenas. Computer programs and methodologies for the simulation of DNA sequence data with recombination. In Frontiers in Genetics, Vol. 4(9), 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, simulation. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00009.         217 Sha Zhu, James H. Degnan and Bjarki Eldon. Hybrid-Lambda: simulation of multiple merger and Kingman gene genealogies in species networks and species trees. 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Hybrid-Lambda, simulation, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.0673.         218 Thi-Hau Nguyen, Vincent Ranwez, Stéphanie Pointet, Anne-Muriel Chifolleau Arigon, Jean-Philippe Doyon and Vincent Berry. Reconciliation and local gene tree rearrangement can be of mutual profit. In ALMOB, Vol. 8(12), 2013.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from rooted trees, heuristic, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Mowgli, Program MowgliNNI, Program Prunier, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Background: Reconciliation methods compare gene trees and species trees to recover evolutionary events such as duplications, transfers and losses explaining the history and composition of genomes. It is well-known that gene trees inferred from molecular sequences can be partly erroneous due to incorrect sequence alignments as well as phylogenetic reconstruction artifacts such as long branch attraction. In practice, this leads reconciliation methods to overestimate the number of evolutionary events. Several methods have been proposed to circumvent this problem, by collapsing the unsupported edges and then resolving the obtained multifurcating nodes, or by directly rearranging the binary gene trees. Yet these methods have been defined for models of evolution accounting only for duplications and losses, i.e. can not be applied to handle prokaryotic gene families.Results: We propose a reconciliation method accounting for gene duplications, losses and horizontal transfers, that specifically takes into account the uncertainties in gene trees by rearranging their weakly supported edges. Rearrangements are performed on edges having a low confidence value, and are accepted whenever they improve the reconciliation cost. We prove useful properties on the dynamic programming matrix used to compute reconciliations, which allows to speed-up the tree space exploration when rearrangements are generated by Nearest Neighbor Interchanges (NNI) edit operations. Experiments on synthetic data show that gene trees modified by such NNI rearrangements are closer to the correct simulated trees and lead to better event predictions on average. Experiments on real data demonstrate that the proposed method leads to a decrease in the reconciliation cost and the number of inferred events. Finally on a dataset of 30 k gene families, this reconciliation method shows a ranking of prokaryotic phyla by transfer rates identical to that proposed by a different approach dedicated to transfer detection [BMCBIOINF 11:324, 2010, PNAS 109(13):4962-4967, 2012].Conclusions: Prokaryotic gene trees can now be reconciled with their species phylogeny while accounting for the uncertainty of the gene tree. More accurate and more precise reconciliations are obtained with respect to previous parsimony algorithms not accounting for such uncertainties [LNCS 6398:93-108, 2010, BIOINF 28(12): i283-i291, 2012].A software implementing the method is freely available at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/Mowgli/. © 2013 Nguyen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 219 Hoa Vu, Francis Chin, Wing-Kai Hon, Henry Leung, Kunihiko Sadakane, Wing-Kin Sung and Siu-Ming Yiu. Reconstructing k-Reticulated Phylogenetic Network from a Set of Gene Trees. In ISBRA13, Vol. 7875:112-124 of LNCS, springer, 2013.   Keywords: from rooted trees, k-reticulated, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program ARTNET, Program CMPT, reconstruction. Note: http://grid.cs.gsu.edu/~xguo9/publications/2013_Cloud%20computing%20for%20de%20novo%20metagenomic%20sequence%20assembly.pdf#page=123.         Toggle abstract "The time complexity of existing algorithms for reconstructing a level-x phylogenetic network increases exponentially in x. In this paper, we propose a new classification of phylogenetic networks called k-reticulated network. A k-reticulated network can model all level-k networks and some level-x networks with x > k. We design algorithms for reconstructing k-reticulated network (k = 1 or 2) with minimum number of hybrid nodes from a set of m binary trees, each with n leaves in O(mn 2) time. The implication is that some level-x networks with x > k can now be reconstructed in a faster way. We implemented our algorithm (ARTNET) and compared it with CMPT. We show that ARTNET outperforms CMPT in terms of running time and accuracy. We also consider the case when there does not exist a 2-reticulated network for the input trees. We present an algorithm computing a maximum subset of the species set so that a new set of subtrees can be combined into a 2-reticulated network. © 2013 Springer-Verlag." 220 Mukul S. Bansal, Guy Banay, Timothy J. Harlow, J. Peter Gogarten and Ron Shamir. Systematic inference of highways of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. In BIO, Vol. 29(5):571-579, 2013.   Keywords: duplication, explicit network, from species tree, from unrooted trees, lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program HiDe, Program RANGER-DTL, reconstruction. Note: http://people.csail.mit.edu/mukul/Bansal_Highways_Bioinformatics_2013.pdf.         221 Eric Bapteste, Leo van Iersel, Axel Janke, Scott Kelchner, Steven Kelk, James O. McInerney, David A. Morrison, Luay Nakhleh, Mike Steel, Leen Stougie and James B. Whitfield. Networks: expanding evolutionary thinking. In Trends in Genetics, Vol. 29(8):439-441, 2013.   Keywords: abstract network, explicit network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://bioinf.nuim.ie/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Bapteste-TiG-2013.pdf.         Toggle abstract "Networks allow the investigation of evolutionary relationships that do not fit a tree model. They are becoming a leading tool for describing the evolutionary relationships between organisms, given the comparative complexities among genomes. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd." 222 Juan Wang, Maozu Guo, Xiaoyan Liu, Yang Liu, Chunyu Wang, Linlin Xing and Kai Che. LNETWORK: An Efficient and Effective Method for Constructing Phylogenetic Networks. In BIO, Vol. 29(18):2269-2276, 2013.   Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LNetwork, reconstruction, software.         Toggle abstract "Motivation: The evolutionary history of species is traditionally represented with a rooted phylogenetic tree. Each tree comprises a set of clusters, i.e. subsets of the species that are desc