Who is Who in Phylogenetic Networks

Publications related to: 'from triplets' or 'from quartets'   Order by:   Type | Year

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abstract-network approximation APX-hard characterization circular-split-system evaluation explicit-network exponential-algorithm FPT from-clusters from-rooted-trees from-sequences from-triplets galled-network galled-tree generation heuristic identifiability integer-linear-programming level-k-phylogenetic-network minimum-number mu-distance normal-network NP-complete phylogenetic-network phylogeny polynomial Program-Clustistic Program-Dendroscope Program-LEV1ATHAN Program-Lev1Generator Program-Level2 Program-Marlon Program-Simplistic Program-T-REX Program-TripNet pyramid reconstruction software split-network uniqueness visualization weak-hierarchy

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1 Jaroslaw Byrka, Pawel Gawrychowski, Katharina Huber and Steven Kelk. Worst-case optimal approximation algorithms for maximizing triplet consistency within phylogenetic networks. In Journal of Discrete Algorithms, Vol. 8(1):65-75, 2010. Keywords: approximation, explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3258.         Toggle abstract "The study of phylogenetic networks is of great interest to computational evolutionary biology and numerous different types of such structures are known. This article addresses the following question concerning rooted versions of phylogenetic networks. What is the maximum value of p ∈ [0, 1] such that for every input set T of rooted triplets, there exists some network N such that at least p | T | of the triplets are consistent with N? We call an algorithm that computes such a network (where p is maximum) worst-case optimal. Here we prove that the set containing all triplets (the full triplet set) in some sense defines p. Moreover, given a network N that obtains a fraction p′ for the full triplet set (for any p′), we show how to efficiently modify N to obtain a fraction ≥ p′ for any given triplet set T. We demonstrate the power of this insight by presenting a worst-case optimal result for level-1 phylogenetic networks improving considerably upon the 5/12 fraction obtained recently by Jansson, Nguyen and Sung. For level-2 phylogenetic networks we show that p ≥ 0.61. We emphasize that, because we are taking | T | as a (trivial) upper bound on the size of an optimal solution for each specific input T, the results in this article do not exclude the existence of approximation algorithms that achieve approximation ratio better than p. Finally, we note that all the results in this article also apply to weighted triplet sets. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 2 Olivier Gauthier and François-Joseph Lapointe. Hybrids and Phylogenetics Revisited: A Statistical Test of Hybridization Using Quartets. In Systematic Botany, Vol. 32(1):8-15, 2007. Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, hybridization, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, reticulogram, split decomposition. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364407780360238.         Toggle abstract "The occurrence of reticulations in the evolutionary history of species poses serious challenges for all modern practitioners of phylogenetic analysis. Such events, including hybridization, introgression, and lateral gene transfer, lead to evolutionary histories that cannot be adequately represented in the form of phylogenetic trees. Although numerous methods that allow for the reconstruction of phylogenetic networks have been proposed in recent years, the detection of reticulations still remains problematic. In this paper we present a Hybrid Detection Criterion (HDC) along with a statistical procedure that allows for the identification of hybrid taxa. The test assesses whether a putative hybrid is consistently intermediate between its postulated parents, with respect to the other taxa. The performance of the statistical method is evaluated using known hybrids of the genus Aphelandra (Acanthaceae) using two network methods: reticulograms and split decomposition graphs. Our results indicate that the HDC test is reliable when used jointly with split decomposition. On the other hand, the test lacks power and provides misleading results when using reticulograms. We then show how the procedure can be used as a tool to identify putative hybrids. © Copyright 2007 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists." 3 Stefan Grünewald, Kristoffer Forslund, Andreas W. M. Dress and Vincent Moulton. QNet: An agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets. In MBE, Vol. 24(2):532-538, 2007. Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/2/532.         Toggle abstract "We present QNet, a method for constructing split networks from weighted quartet trees. QNet can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for network construction. Just as NNet, QNet works by agglomeratively computing a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa set which is subsequently represented by a planar split network. To illustrate the applicability of QNet, we apply it to a previously published Salmonella data set. We conclude that QNet can provide a useful alternative to NNet if distance data are not available or a character-based approach is preferred. Moreover, it can be used as an aid for determining when a quartet-based tree-building method may or may not be appropriate for a given data set. QNet is freely available for download. © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved." 4 Stefan Grünewald, Vincent Moulton and Andreas Spillner. Consistency of the QNet algorithm for generating planar split networks from weighted quartets. In DAM, Vol. 157(10):2325-2334, 2009. Keywords: abstract network, consistency, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2008.06.038.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of evolutionary or phylogenetic trees that allow the representation of conflicting signals or alternative evolutionary histories in a single diagram. Recently the Quartet-Net or "QNet" method was introduced, a method for computing a special kind of phylogenetic network called a split network from a collection of weighted quartet trees (i.e. phylogenetic trees with 4 leaves). This can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for constructing outer-labeled planar split networks. In this paper, we prove that QNet is a consistent method, that is, we prove that if QNet is applied to a collection of weighted quartets arising from a circular split weight function, then it will return precisely this function. This key property of QNet not only ensures that it is guaranteed to produce a tree if the input corresponds to a tree, and an outer-labeled planar split network if the input corresponds to such a network, but also provides the main guiding principle for the design of the method. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 5 Jesper Jansson and Wing-Kin Sung. Inferring a level-1 phylogenetic network from a dense set of rooted triplets. In TCS, Vol. 363(1):60-68, 2006. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/ipnrt8_TCS2006.pdf.         Toggle abstract "We consider the following problem: Given a set T of rooted triplets with leaf set L, determine whether there exists a phylogenetic network consistent with T, and if so, construct one. We show that if no restrictions are placed on the hybrid nodes in the solution, the problem is trivially solved in polynomial time by a simple sorting network-based construction. For the more interesting (and biologically more motivated) case where the solution is required to be a level-1 phylogenetic network, we present an algorithm solving the problem in O (| T |2) time when T is dense, i.e., when T contains at least one rooted triplet for each cardinality three subset of L. We also give an O (| T |5 / 3)-time algorithm for finding the set of all phylogenetic networks having a single hybrid node attached to exactly one leaf (and having no other hybrid nodes) that are consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." 6 Jesper Jansson, Nguyen Bao Nguyen and Wing-Kin Sung. Algorithms for Combining Rooted Triplets into a Galled Phylogenetic Network. In SICOMP, Vol. 35(5):1098-1121, 2006. Keywords: approximation, explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/triplets_to_gn7_SICOMP2006.pdf.         Toggle abstract "This paper considers the problem of determining whether a given set Τ of rooted triplets can be merged without conflicts into a galled phylogenetic network and, if so, constructing such a network. When the input Τ is dense, we solve the problem in O(|Τ|) time, which is optimal since the size of the input is Θ(|Τ|). In comparison, the previously fastest algorithm for this problem runs in O(|Τ|2) time. We also develop an optimal O(|Τ|)-time algorithm for enumerating all simple phylogenetic networks leaf-labeled by L that are consistent with Τ, where L is the set of leaf labels in Τ, which is used by our main algorithm. Next, we prove that the problem becomes NP-hard if extended to nondense inputs, even for the special case of simple phylogenetic networks. We also show that for every positive integer n, there exists some set Τ of rooted triplets on n leaves such that any galled network can be consistent with at most 0.4883 ·|Τ| of the rooted triplets in Τ. On the other hand, we provide a polynomial-time approximation algorithm that always outputs a galled network consistent with at least a factor of 5/12 (> 0.4166) of the rooted triplets in Τ. © 2006 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics." 7 Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Matthias Mnich. Uniqueness, intractability and exact algorithms: reflections on level-k phylogenetic networks. In JBCB, Vol. 7(4):597-623, 2009. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: http://arxiv.org/pdf/0712.2932v2.         8 Stefan Grünewald, Katharina Huber, Vincent Moulton, Charles Semple and Andreas Spillner. Characterizing weak compatibility in terms of weighted quartets. In Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 42(3):329-341, 2009. Keywords: abstract network, characterization, from quartets, split network, weak hierarchy. Note: http://www.math.canterbury.ac.nz/~c.semple/papers/GHMSS08.pdf, slides at http://www.lirmm.fr/miep08/slides/12_02_huber.pdf.         9 Philippe Gambette and Katharina Huber. On Encodings of Phylogenetic Networks of Bounded Level. In JOMB, Vol. 65(1):157-180, 2012. Keywords: characterization, explicit network, from clusters, from rooted trees, from triplets, galled tree, identifiability, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, uniqueness, weak hierarchy. Note: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00609130/en/.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks have now joined phylogenetic trees in the center of phylogenetics research. Like phylogenetic trees, such networks canonically induce collections of phylogenetic trees, clusters, and triplets, respectively. Thus it is not surprising that many network approaches aim to reconstruct a phylogenetic network from such collections. Related to the well-studied perfect phylogeny problem, the following question is of fundamental importance in this context: When does one of the above collections encode (i. e. uniquely describe) the network that induces it? For the large class of level-1 (phylogenetic) networks we characterize those level-1 networks for which an encoding in terms of one (or equivalently all) of the above collections exists. In addition, we show that three known distance measures for comparing phylogenetic networks are in fact metrics on the resulting subclass and give the diameter for two of them. Finally, we investigate the related concept of indistinguishability and also show that many properties enjoyed by level-1 networks are not satisfied by networks of higher level. © 2011 Springer-Verlag." 10 Katharina Huber, Leo van Iersel, Steven Kelk and Radoslaw Suchecki. A Practical Algorithm for Reconstructing Level-1 Phylogenetic Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 8(3):607-620, 2011. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, generation, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program LEV1ATHAN, Program Lev1Generator, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.4067.         Toggle abstract "Recently, much attention has been devoted to the construction of phylogenetic networks which generalize phylogenetic trees in order to accommodate complex evolutionary processes. Here, we present an efficient, practical algorithm for reconstructing level-1 phylogenetic networks-a type of network slightly more general than a phylogenetic tree-from triplets. Our algorithm has been made publicly available as the program Lev1athan. It combines ideas from several known theoretical algorithms for phylogenetic tree and network reconstruction with two novel subroutines. Namely, an exponential-time exact and a greedy algorithm both of which are of independent theoretical interest. Most importantly, Lev1athan runs in polynomial time and always constructs a level-1 network. If the data are consistent with a phylogenetic tree, then the algorithm constructs such a tree. Moreover, if the input triplet set is dense and, in addition, is fully consistent with some level-1 network, it will find such a network. The potential of Lev1athan is explored by means of an extensive simulation study and a biological data set. One of our conclusions is that Lev1athan is able to construct networks consistent with a high percentage of input triplets, even when these input triplets are affected by a low to moderate level of noise. © 2011 IEEE." 11 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. Constructing the Simplest Possible Phylogenetic Network from Triplets. In ALG, Vol. 60(2):207-235, 2011. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Marlon, Program Simplistic. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-009-9333-0.         Toggle abstract "A phylogenetic network is a directed acyclic graph that visualizes an evolutionary history containing so-called reticulations such as recombinations, hybridizations or lateral gene transfers. Here we consider the construction of a simplest possible phylogenetic network consistent with an input set T, where T contains at least one phylogenetic tree on three leaves (a triplet) for each combination of three taxa. To quantify the complexity of a network we consider both the total number of reticulations and the number of reticulations per biconnected component, called the level of the network. We give polynomial-time algorithms for constructing a level-1 respectively a level-2 network that contains a minimum number of reticulations and is consistent with T (if such a network exists). In addition, we show that if T is precisely equal to the set of triplets consistent with some network, then we can construct such a network with smallest possible level in time O(|T| k+1), if k is a fixed upper bound on the level of the network. © 2009 The Author(s)." 12 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. When two trees go to war. In JTB, Vol. 269(1):245-255, 2011. Keywords: APX hard, explicit network, from clusters, from rooted trees, from sequences, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, minimum number, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.5332.         Toggle abstract "Rooted phylogenetic networks are used to model non-treelike evolutionary histories. Such networks are often constructed by combining trees, clusters, triplets or characters into a single network that in some well-defined sense simultaneously represents them all. We review these four models and investigate how they are related. Motivated by the parsimony principle, one often aims to construct a network that contains as few reticulations (non-treelike evolutionary events) as possible. In general, the model chosen influences the minimum number of reticulation events required. However, when one obtains the input data from two binary (i.e. fully resolved) trees, we show that the minimum number of reticulations is independent of the model. The number of reticulations necessary to represent the trees, triplets, clusters (in the softwired sense) and characters (with unrestricted multiple crossover recombination) are all equal. Furthermore, we show that these results also hold when not the number of reticulations but the level of the constructed network is minimised. We use these unification results to settle several computational complexity questions that have been open in the field for some time. We also give explicit examples to show that already for data obtained from three binary trees the models begin to diverge. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd." 13 Stephen J. Willson. CSD Homomorphisms Between Phylogenetic Networks. In TCBB, Vol. 9(4), 2012. Keywords: explicit network, from network, from quartets, phylogenetic network. Note: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~swillson/Relationships11IEEE.pdf, preliminary version entitled Relationships Among Phylogenetic Networks.         Toggle abstract "Since Darwin, species trees have been used as a simplified description of the relationships which summarize the complicated network N of reality. Recent evidence of hybridization and lateral gene transfer, however, suggest that there are situations where trees are inadequate. Consequently it is important to determine properties that characterize networks closely related to N and possibly more complicated than trees but lacking the full complexity of N. A connected surjective digraph map (CSD) is a map f from one network N to another network M such that every arc is either collapsed to a single vertex or is taken to an arc, such that f is surjective, and such that the inverse image of a vertex is always connected. CSD maps are shown to behave well under composition. It is proved that if there is a CSD map from N to M, then there is a way to lift an undirected version of M into N, often with added resolution. A CSD map from N to M puts strong constraints on N. In general, it may be useful to study classes of networks such that, for any N, there exists a CSD map from N to some standard member of that class. © 2012 IEEE." 14 Steven Kelk, Celine Scornavacca and Leo van Iersel. On the elusiveness of clusters. In TCBB, Vol. 9(2):517-534, 2012. Keywords: explicit network, from clusters, from rooted trees, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Clustistic, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1834.         15 Changiz Eslahchi, Reza Hassanzadeh, Ehsan Mottaghi, Mahnaz Habibi, Hamid Pezeshk and Mehdi Sadeghi. Constructing circular phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets using simulated annealing. In MBIO, Vol. 235(2):123-127, 2012. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program SAQ-Net, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, simulated annealing, software, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2011.11.003.         Toggle abstract "In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm based on the simulated annealing, SAQ-Net, as a method for constructing phylogenetic networks from weighted quartets. Similar to QNet algorithm, SAQ-Net constructs a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa set. This collection is represented by a split network. In order to show that SAQ-Net performs better than QNet, we apply these algorithm to both the simulated and actual data sets containing salmonella, Bees, Primates and Rubber data sets. Then we draw phylogenetic networks corresponding to outputs of these algorithms using SplitsTree4 and compare the results. We find that SAQ-Net produces a better circular ordering and phylogenetic networks than QNet in most cases. SAQ-Net has been implemented in Matlab and is available for download at http://bioinf.cs.ipm.ac.ir/softwares/saq.net. © 2011 Elsevier Inc." 16 Philippe Gambette, Vincent Berry and Christophe Paul. Quartets and Unrooted Phylogenetic Networks. In JBCB, Vol. 10(4):1250004, 2012. Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, explicit network, from quartets, level k phylogenetic network, orientation, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction, split, split network. Note: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678046/en/.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks were introduced to describe evolution in the presence of exchanges of genetic material between coexisting species or individuals. Split networks in particular were introduced as a special kind of abstract network to visualize conflicts between phylogenetic trees which may correspond to such exchanges. More recently, methods were designed to reconstruct explicit phylogenetic networks (whose vertices can be interpreted as biological events) from triplet data. In this article, we link abstract and explicit networks through their combinatorial properties, by introducing the unrooted analog of level-k networks. In particular, we give an equivalence theorem between circular split systems and unrooted level-1 networks. We also show how to adapt to quartets some existing results on triplets, in order to reconstruct unrooted level-k phylogenetic networks. These results give an interesting perspective on the combinatorics of phylogenetic networks and also raise algorithmic and combinatorial questions. © 2012 Imperial College Press." 17 Hadi Poormohammadi, Changiz Eslahchi and Ruzbeh Tusserkani. TripNet: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 9(9):e106531, 2014. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TripNet, reconstruction, software. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.3722.         Toggle abstract "The problem of constructing an optimal rooted phylogenetic network from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm called TripNet, which tries to construct a rooted phylogenetic network with the minimum number of reticulation nodes from an arbitrary set of rooted triplets. Despite of current methods that work for dense set of rooted triplets, a key innovation is the applicability of TripNet to non-dense set of rooted triplets. We prove some theorems to clarify the performance of the algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency of TripNet, we compared TripNet with SIMPLISTIC. It is the only available software which has the ability to return some rooted phylogenetic network consistent with a given dense set of rooted triplets. But the results show that for complex networks with high levels, the SIMPLISTIC running time increased abruptly. However in all cases TripNet outputs an appropriate rooted phylogenetic network in an acceptable time. Also we tetsed TripNet on the Yeast data. The results show that Both TripNet and optimal networks have the same clustering and TripNet produced a level-3 network which contains only one more reticulation node than the optimal network." 18 Stefan Grünewald, Andreas Spillner, Sarah Bastkowski, Anja Bögershausen and Vincent Moulton. SuperQ: Computing Supernetworks from Quartets. In TCBB, Vol. 10(1):151-160, 2013. Keywords: abstract network, circular split system, from quartets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, Program SuperQ, software, split network.         Toggle abstract "Supertrees are a commonly used tool in phylogenetics to summarize collections of partial phylogenetic trees. As a generalization of supertrees, phylogenetic supernetworks allow, in addition, the visual representation of conflict between the trees that is not possible to observe with a single tree. Here, we introduce SuperQ, a new method for constructing such supernetworks (SuperQ is freely available at >www.uea.ac.uk/computing/superq.). It works by first breaking the input trees into quartet trees, and then stitching these together to form a special kind of phylogenetic network, called a split network. This stitching process is performed using an adaptation of the QNet method for split network reconstruction employing a novel approach to use the branch lengths from the input trees to estimate the branch lengths in the resulting network. Compared with previous supernetwork methods, SuperQ has the advantage of producing a planar network. We compare the performance of SuperQ to the Z-closure and Q-imputation supernetwork methods, and also present an analysis of some published data sets as an illustration of its applicability. © 2004-2012 IEEE." 19 Daniel H. Huson and Celine Scornavacca. Dendroscope 3: An Interactive Tool for Rooted Phylogenetic Trees and Networks. In Systematic Biology, Vol. 61(6):1061-1067, 2012. Keywords: from rooted trees, from triplets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, reconstruction, software, visualization.         Toggle abstract "Dendroscope 3 is a new program for working with rooted phylogenetic trees and networks. It provides a number of methods for drawing and comparing rooted phylogenetic networks, and for computing them from rooted trees. The program can be used interactively or in command-line mode. The program is written in Java, use of the software is free, and installers for all 3 major operating systems can be downloaded from www.dendroscope.org. [Phylogenetic trees; phylogenetic networks; software.] © 2012 The Author(s)." 20 Michel Habib and Thu-Hien To. Constructing a Minimum Phylogenetic Network from a Dense Triplet Set. In JBCB, Vol. 10(5):1250013, 2012. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.2266.         Toggle abstract "For a given set L of species and a set T of triplets on L, we seek to construct a phylogenetic network which is consistent with T i.e. which represents all triplets of T. The level of a network is defined as the maximum number of hybrid vertices in its biconnected components. When T is dense, there exist polynomial time algorithms to construct level-0,1 and 2 networks (Aho et al., 1981; Jansson, Nguyen and Sung, 2006; Jansson and Sung, 2006; Iersel et al., 2009). For higher levels, partial answers were obtained in the paper by Iersel and Kelk (2008), with a polynomial time algorithm for simple networks. In this paper, we detail the first complete answer for the general case, solving a problem proposed in Jansson and Sung (2006) and Iersel et al. (2009). For any k fixed, it is possible to construct a level-k network having the minimum number of hybrid vertices and consistent with T, if there is any, in time O(|T| k+1 n⌊4k/3⌋+1). © 2012 Imperial College Press." 21 Hadi Poormohammadi and Changiz Eslahchi. Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Triplets based on Height Function. In International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2(7):389-393, 2012. Keywords: from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue7/IJETAE_0712_67.pdf.         22 Fenglou Mao, David Williams, Olga Zhaxybayeva, Maria S. Poptsova, Pascal Lapierre, J. Peter Gogarten and Ying Xu. Quartet decomposition server: a platform for analyzing phylogenetic trees. In BMCB, Vol. 13:123, 2012. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Quartet Decomposition, reconstruction, software, split network.         Toggle abstract "Background: The frequent exchange of genetic material among prokaryotes means that extracting a majority or plurality phylogenetic signal from many gene families, and the identification of gene families that are in significant conflict with the plurality signal is a frequent task in comparative genomics, and especially in phylogenomic analyses. Decomposition of gene trees into embedded quartets (unrooted trees each with four taxa) is a convenient and statistically powerful technique to address this challenging problem. This approach was shown to be useful in several studies of completely sequenced microbial genomes.Results: We present here a web server that takes a collection of gene phylogenies, decomposes them into quartets, generates a Quartet Spectrum, and draws a split network. Users are also provided with various data download options for further analyses. Each gene phylogeny is to be represented by an assessment of phylogenetic information content, such as sets of trees reconstructed from bootstrap replicates or sampled from a posterior distribution. The Quartet Decomposition server is accessible at http://quartets.uga.edu.Conclusions: The Quartet Decomposition server presented here provides a convenient means to perform Quartet Decomposition analyses and will empower users to find statistically supported phylogenetic conflicts. © 2012 Mao et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 23 Jialiang Yang, Stefan Grünewald and Xiu-Feng Wan. Quartet-Net: A Quartet Based Method to Reconstruct Phylogenetic Networks. In MBE, Vol. 30(5):1206-1217, 2013. Keywords: from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QuartetNet, reconstruction.         Toggle abstract "Phylogenetic networks can model reticulate evolutionary events such as hybridization, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer. However, reconstructing such networks is not trivial. Popular character-based methods are computationally inefficient, whereas distance-based methods cannot guarantee reconstruction accuracy because pairwise genetic distances only reflect partial information about a reticulate phylogeny. To balance accuracy and computational efficiency, here we introduce a quartet-based method to construct a phylogenetic network from a multiple sequence alignment. Unlike distances that only reflect the relationship between a pair of taxa, quartets contain information on the relationships among four taxa; these quartets provide adequate capacity to infer a more accurate phylogenetic network. In applications to simulated and biological data sets, we demonstrate that this novel method is robust and effective in reconstructing reticulate evolutionary events and it has the potential to infer more accurate phylogenetic distances than other conventional phylogenetic network construction methods such as Neighbor-Joining, Neighbor-Net, and Split Decomposition. This method can be used in constructing phylogenetic networks from simple evolutionary events involving a few reticulate events to complex evolutionary histories involving a large number of reticulate events. A software called Quartet-Net is implemented and available at http://sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/QuartetNet/. © 2013 The Author." 24 Judith Keijsper and Rudi Pendavingh. Reconstructing a phylogenetic level-1 network from quartets. In BMB, Vol. 76(10):2517-2541, 2014. Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.5206.         25 Jialiang Yang, Stefan Grünewald, Yifei Xu and Xiu-Feng Wan. Quartet-based methods to reconstruct phylogenetic networks. In BMC Systems Biology, Vol. 80(21), 2014. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QuartetMethods, Program QuartetNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-8-21 .         Toggle abstract "Background: Phylogenetic networks are employed to visualize evolutionary relationships among a group of nucleotide sequences, genes or species when reticulate events like hybridization, recombination, reassortant and horizontal gene transfer are believed to be involved. In comparison to traditional distance-based methods, quartet-based methods consider more information in the reconstruction process and thus have the potential to be more accurate.Results: We introduce QuartetSuite, which includes a set of new quartet-based methods, namely QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM, to reconstruct phylogenetic networks from nucleotide sequences. We tested their performances and compared them with other popular methods on two simulated nucleotide sequence data sets: one generated from a tree topology and the other from a complicated evolutionary history containing three reticulate events. We further validated these methods to two real data sets: a bacterial data set consisting of seven concatenated genes of 36 bacterial species and an influenza data set related to recently emerging H7N9 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China.Conclusion: QuartetS, QuartetA, and QuartetM have the potential to accurately reconstruct evolutionary scenarios from simple branching trees to complicated networks containing many reticulate events. These methods could provide insights into the understanding of complicated biological evolutionary processes such as bacterial taxonomy and reassortant of influenza viruses. © 2014 Yang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd." 26 Claudia Solís-Lemus and Cécile Ané. Inferring phylogenetic networks with maximum pseudolikelihood under incomplete lineage sorting. In PLOS Genetics, Vol. 12(3):e1005896, 2016. Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06075v1.         27 Philippe Gambette, Katharina Huber and Steven Kelk. On the challenge of reconstructing level-1 phylogenetic networks from triplets and clusters. In JOMB, Vol. 74(7):1729-1751, 2017. Keywords: from clusters, from triplets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-016-1068-3.         28 Mohammad Hossein Reyhani and Hadi Poormohammadi. RPNCH: A Method for Constructing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks from Rooted Triplets based on Height Function. In Archives of Advances in Biosciences, Vol. 8(4):14-20, 2017. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jps/article/view/16707.         29 Simone Linz and Charles Semple. Caterpillars on three and four leaves are sufficient to reconstruct binary normal networks. In JOMB, 2020. Keywords: explicit network, from rooted trees, from triplets, normal network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, uniqueness. Note: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00483, to appear.         30 Hadi Poormohammadi and Mohsen Sardari Zarchi. Netcombin: An algorithm for constructing optimal phylogenetic network from rooted triplets. In PLoS ONE, Vol. 15(9):e0227842.1-25, 2020. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Simplistic, Program TripNet, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227842.         31 Hadi Poormohammadi, Mohsen Sardari Zarchi and Hossein Ghaneai. NCHB: A method for constructing rooted phylogenetic networks from rooted triplets based on height function and binarization. In JTB, Vol. 489(110144), 2020. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, heuristic, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Simplistic, Program TripNet, reconstruction. Note: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110144.

InProceedings

32 Leo van Iersel, Judith Keijsper, Steven Kelk, Leen Stougie, Ferry Hagen and Teun Boekhout. Constructing level-2 phylogenetic networks from triplets. In RECOMB08, Vol. 4955:450-462 of LNCS, springer, 2008. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Level2, reconstruction. Note: http://homepages.cwi.nl/~iersel/level2full.pdf. An appendix with proofs can be found here http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.2890.         Toggle abstract "Jansson and Sung showed that, given a dense set of input triplets T (representing hypotheses about the local evolutionary relationships of triplets of taxa), it is possible to determine in polynomial time whether there exists a level-1 network consistent with T, and if so, to construct such a network [24]. Here, we extend this work by showing that this problem is even polynomial time solvable for the construction of level-2 networks. This shows that, assuming density, it is tractable to construct plausible evolutionary histories from input triplets even when such histories are heavily nontree-like. This further strengthens the case for the use of triplet-based methods in the construction of phylogenetic networks. We also implemented the algorithm and applied it to yeast data. © 2009 IEEE." 33 Jesper Jansson and Wing-Kin Sung. Inferring a level-1 phylogenetic network from a dense set of rooted triplets. In COCOON04, Vol. 3106:462-471 of LNCS, springer, 2004. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.df.lth.se/~jj/Publications/ipnrt6_COCOON2004.pdf.         34 Jesper Jansson, Nguyen Bao Nguyen and Wing-Kin Sung. Algorithms for Combining Rooted Triplets into a Galled Phylogenetic Network. In SODA05, Pages 349-358, 2005. Keywords: approximation, explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1070481.         35 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. Constructing the Simplest Possible Phylogenetic Network from Triplets. In ISAAC08, Vol. 5369:472-483 of LNCS, springer, 2008. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Marlon, Program Simplistic. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1859.         36 Stefan Grünewald, Andreas Spillner, Kristoffer Forslund and Vincent Moulton. Constructing Phylogenetic Supernetworks from Quartets. In WABI08, Vol. 5251:284-295 of LNCS, springer, 2008. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program QNet, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87361-7_24.         Toggle abstract "In phylogenetics it is common practice to summarize collections of partial phylogenetic trees in the form of supertrees. Recently it has been proposed to construct phylogenetic supernetworks as an alternative to supertrees as these allow the representation of conflicting information in the trees, information that may not be representable in a single tree. Here we introduce SuperQ, a new method for constructing such supernetworks. It works by breaking the input trees into quartet trees, and stitching together the resulting set to form a network. The stitching process is performed using an adaptation of the QNet method for phylogenetic network reconstruction. In addition to presenting the new method, we illustrate the applicability of SuperQ to three data sets and discuss future directions for testing and development. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg." 37 Thu-Hien To and Michel Habib. Level-k Phylogenetic Networks Are Constructable from a Dense Triplet Set in Polynomial Time. In CPM09, (5577):275-288, springer, 2009. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, minimum number, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.1657.         Toggle abstract "For a given dense triplet set Τ there exist two natural questions [7]: Does there exist any phylogenetic network consistent with Τ? In case such networks exist, can we find an effective algorithm to construct one? For cases of networks of levels k = 0, 1 or 2, these questions were answered in [1,6,7,8,10] with effective polynomial algorithms. For higher levels k, partial answers were recently obtained in [11] with an O(/Τ/k+1)time algorithm for simple networks. In this paper, we give a complete answer to the general case, solving a problem proposed in [7]. The main idea of our proof is to use a special property of SN-sets in a level-k network. As a consequence, for any fixed k, we can also find a level-k network with the minimum number of reticulations, if one exists, in polynomial time. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg." 38 Vincent Berry and David Bryant. Faster reliable phylogenetic analysis. In RECOMB99, Pages 59-68, 1999. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program SplitsTree, reconstruction, split network, weakly compatible. Note: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.95.9151.         39 Hans-Jürgen Bandelt and Andreas W. M. Dress. A relational approach to split decomposition. In H.-H. Bock, W. Lenski and M. M. Richter editors, Information Systems and Data Analysis, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft Für Klassifikation (GFKL93), Vol. 42:123-131 of Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, springer, 1994. Keywords: characterization, from quartets, phylogenetic network, weakly compatible.         40 An-Chiang Chu, Jesper Jansson, Richard Lemence, Alban Mancheron and Kun-Mao Chao. Asymptotic Limits of a New Type of Maximization Recurrence with an Application to Bioinformatics. In TAMC12, Vol. 7287:177-188 of LNCS, springer, 2012. Keywords: from triplets, galled network, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network. Note: preliminary version.         Toggle abstract "We study the asymptotic behavior of a new type of maximization recurrence, defined as follows. Let k be a positive integer and p k(x) a polynomial of degree k satisfying p k(0) = 0. Define A 0 = 0 and for n ≥ 1, let A n = max 0≤i<n{A i+n kp k(i/n)}. We prove that lim n→∞A n/n n = sup{pk(x)/1-x k : 0≤x<1}. We also consider two closely related maximization recurrences S n and S′ n, defined as S 0 = S′ 0 = 0, and for n ≥ 1, S n = max 0≤i<n{S i + i(n-i)(n-i-1)/2} and S′ n = max 0≤i<n{S′ i + ( 3 n-i) + 2i( 2 n-i) + (n-i)( 2 i)}. We prove that lim n→∞ S′n/3( 3 n) = 2(√3-1)/3 ≈ 0.488033..., resolving an open problem from Bioinformatics about rooted triplets consistency in phylogenetic networks. © 2012 Springer-Verlag." 41 Ruzbeh Tusserkani, Hadi Poormohammadi, Azin Azadi and Changiz Eslahchi. Inferring phylogenies from minimal information. In AEEICB17, Pages 202-206, IEEE, 2017. Keywords: from triplets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program TripNet, reconstruction.

InBook

42 Wing-Kin Sung. Constructing a Galled Phylogenetic Network. In Ming-Yang Kao editor, Encyclopedia of Algorithms, Springer Reference, 2008. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, galled tree, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction. Note: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30162-4_92.

PhdThesis

43 Leo van Iersel. Algorithms, Haplotypes and Phylogenetic Networks. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, 2009. Keywords: evaluation, explicit network, exponential algorithm, FPT, from triplets, galled tree, level k phylogenetic network, mu distance, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Level2, Program Marlon, Program Simplistic, Program T REX, reconstruction. Note: http://www.win.tue.nl/~liersel/thesis_vaniersel_viewing.pdf.         44 Philippe Gambette. Méthodes combinatoires de reconstruction de réseaux phylogénétiques. PhD thesis, Université Montpellier 2, France, 2010. Keywords: abstract network, characterization, circular split system, explicit network, FPT, from clusters, from triplets, integer linear programming, level k phylogenetic network, NP complete, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program Dendroscope, pyramid, reconstruction, split network, weak hierarchy. Note: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608342/en/.         45 Thu-Hien To. On some graph problems in phylogenetics. PhD thesis, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, France, 2011. Keywords: explicit network, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://www.liafa.jussieu.fr/~toth/thesis.pdf.         46 Claudia Solís-Lemus. Statistical methods to infer population structure with coalescence and gene flow. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015. Keywords: explicit network, from quartets, from unrooted trees, likelihood, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, Program PhyloNetworks SNaQ, semidirected network. Note: https://www.stat.wisc.edu/~claudia/thesis.pdf.         47 Pei Wu. Quartet weights in phylogenetic network reconstruction. PhD thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016. Keywords: abstract network, from distances, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, reconstruction, split, split network. Note: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324475948_Quartet_weights_in_phylogenetic_network_reconstruction.

Misc

48 Leo van Iersel and Steven Kelk. A short note on the tractability of constructing phylogenetic networks from clusters. 2009. Keywords: from clusters, from triplets, level k phylogenetic network, phylogenetic network, polynomial, reconstruction. Note: http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4502.         49 Willem Sonke. Reconstructing a level-1-network from quartets. 2013. Keywords: abstract network, from quartets, phylogenetic network, phylogeny, polynomial, Program Fylogenetica, reconstruction, software, visualization. Note: http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/sonke2013.pdf.